Gasoline production from a polymeric urban disposal mixture using silica–alumina catalyst

The Use of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Chemical Valorization of Plastic Waste

“…It has been determined that the presence of ASA speeds up polymer decomposition in comparison to thermal degradation as a result of bond activation within the plastic waste molecules [97,143,144] . Compared to thermal degradation, amorphous silica‐alumina has been shown to increase product distribution and quality (with respect to fuel applications) while reducing selectivity towards residue [97,99,106,111,145] . For example, thermal degradation of polystyrene results in the sole production of styrene and dimeric products; the presence of ASA resulted in a wider spread for the distillate distribution, with selectivity shifting towards the production of benzene and cumene [97] .…”

“…[97,143,144] Compared to thermal degradation, amorphous silica-alumina has been shown to increase product distribution and quality (with respect to fuel applications) while reducing selectivity towards residue. [97,99,106,111,145] For example, thermal degradation of polystyrene results in the sole production of styrene and dimeric products; the presence of ASA resulted in a wider spread for the distillate distribution, with selectivity shifting towards the production of benzene and cumene. [97] In addition, Hwang et al showed that polypropylene degradation over ASA resulted in increased cracking that produced an olefin, aromatic, and isoparaffins hydrocarbons heavy liquid oil that was close to commercial grade liquid products with a research octane number (RON) of 90.4.…”

Beneficial use of ultrasound irradiation in synthesis of beta–clinoptilolite composite used in heavy oil upgrading process

“…1 Among all the thermochemical methods employed so far, such as thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking and catalytic pyrolysis, [2][3][4] catalytic cracking has been widely noticed in recent years due to the moderate operating conditions and controlled product distribution. [5][6][7] Zeolites are popular catalysts in oil processing and fuel production industries due to their crystalline aluminosilicate structure, acidity and shape selectivity. 8 However, preparation and regeneration costs have always been matter of concern in industrial scale.…”

Pyrolysis Process of Mixed Polypropylene (PP) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Waste with Natural Zeolite as Catalyst

“…In tertiary recycling, solid plastics are converted into smaller molecules as chemical intermediates by the use of heat and or chemical treatment. These chemical intermediates, usually liquids or gases but sometimes waxes, are suitable for the use as feedstocks for production of new petrochemicals and plastics (Kumar & Singh, 2011;Roozbehani, Motevassel, Mirdrikvand, Moqadam, & Kharaghani, 2017) Quartenary recycling involves the recovery of the energy content of the plastic waste. The owing to the lack of other recycling possibilities, incineration (combustion) aimed at the recovery of energy is currently the most effective way to reduce the volume of organic material.…”

“…The catalysts utilized in upgrading plastics are generally classified into a fluid cracking catalyst, reforming catalysts, and activated carbon (Kunwar, Cheng, Chandrashekaran, Sharma, 2016). Catalyst commonly used by many researchers include zeolites, cadmium, active matrix component, inactive matrix component, and binder (Roozbehani et al, 2017), silica-alumina (Moqadam et al, 2015), zeolite-based catalyst such as KBeta, HMOR, HZSM-5, HY, and KL zeolite (Levine & Broadbelt, 2009;Muenpol, Yuwapornpanit, & Jitkarnka, 2015), carbonsilica (Al-hartomy et al, 2014), zinc acetate ( Siddiqui, Redhwi, & Achilias, 2012), natural zeolite without zeolite (Yuliansyah & Laksono, 2015), triethylaluminum Al (C 2 H 5 ) 3 (Donaj et al, 2012), commercial Y zeolite and natural zeolite (Syamsiro et al, 2014), zeolite-based catalyst such as ZSM-5, BEA, US-Y, MOR (modified nanocrystalline Y, amorphous silica-alumina (SAHA), silica-alumina and the family of mesoporous MCM material (Roozbehani et al, 2017). The aims of research are to investigate the influence of the rate of temperature and raw material to natural zeolite (wt%) on gas, liquid, and solid yields in the pyrolysis of mixed between PP and HDPE and to identify the physical properties of fuel, namely its specific gravity, API gravity, gross heating value, flash point, pour point, and kinematic viscosity.…”