Gasoline Fuel Injector Spray Measurement and Characterization - A New SAE J2715 Recommended Practice

Hung, David L.S.; Harrington, David L.; Gandhi, Anand H.; Markle, Lee E.; Parrish, Scott; Shakal, Joseph; Sayar, Hamid; Cummings, Steven D.; Kramer, Jason L.

doi:10.4271/2008-01-1068

Cited by 129 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…1a-b). A set of 12 nominally identical injectors are available; these have been characterized using mechanical patternation, ROI, and backlit spray imaging following SAE J2715 protocol [60]. The six best-matched injectors were selected and circulated amongst participating 65 institutions.…”

Section: The Spray G Injectormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal and near nozzle measurements of Engine Combustion Network “Spray G” gasoline direct injectors

Duke

Kastengren

Matusik

et al. 2017

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

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Gasoline direct injection (GDI) sprays are complex multiphase flows. When compared to multi-hole diesel sprays, the plumes are closely spaced, and the sprays are more likely to interact. The effects of multi-jet interaction on entrainment and spray targeting can be influenced by small variations in the mass fluxes from the holes, which in turn depend on transients in the needle movement and small-scale details of the internal geometry. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of a multi-institutional effort to experimentally characterize the internal geometry and near-nozzle flow of the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray G gasoline injector. In order to develop a complete picture of the near-nozzle flow, a standardized setup was shared between facilities. A wide range of techniques were employed, including both x-ray and visible-light diagnostics. The novel aspects of this work include both new experimental measurements, and a comparison of the results across different techniques and facilities. The breadth and depth of the data reveal phenomena which were not apparent from analysis of the individual data sets. We show that plume-to-plume variations in the mass fluxes from the holes can cause large-scale asymmetries in the entrainment field and spray structure.Both internal flow transients and small-scale geometric features can have an effect on the external flow. The sharp turning angle of the flow into the holes also causes an inward vectoring of the plumes relative to the hole drill angle, which increases with time due to entrainment of gas into a low-pressure region between the plumes. These factors increase the likelihood of spray collapse with longer injection durations.

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Section: The Spray G Injectormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data presented in this paper are available as a reference for modelers, and can be shared upon request. 60 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal and near nozzle measurements of Engine Combustion Network “Spray G” gasoline direct injectors

Duke

Kastengren

Matusik

et al. 2017

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

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“…For the latter, a large number of definitions are in use, depending of the particular application. In this paper, a definition proposed in [8] is used. In addition, the jet volume is calculated under the assumption of an axissymmetrical spray-shape.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flashboiling atomization in nozzles for GDI engines

Bornschlegel

Conrad

Eichhorn

et al. 2017

Proceedings ILASS–Europe 2017. 28th Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems

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Flashboiling denotes the phenomenon of rapid evaporation and atomization at nozzles, which occurs when fluids are injected into ambient pressure below their own vapor pressure. It happens in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines at low loads, when the cylinder pressure is low during injection due to the closed throttle valve. The fuel temperature at the same time approaches cylinder head coolant temperature due to the longer dwell time of the fuel inside the injector. Flash boiling is mainly beneficial for atomization quality, since it produces small droplet sizes and relative broad and homogenous droplet distributions within the spray. Coherently, the penetration depth normally decreases due to the increased aerodynamic drag. Therefore the thermal properties of injectors are often designed to reach flash boiling conditions as early as possible. At the same time, flash boiling significantly increases the risk of undesired spray collapsing. In this case, neighbouring jets converge and form a single jet. Due to the now concentrated mass, penetration depth is enhanced again and can lead to liner or piston wetting in addition to the overall diminished mixture formation. In order to understand the underlying physics, it is important to study the occurring phenomena flashboiling and jet-to-jet interacting i.e. spray collapsing separately. To this end, single hole injectors are built up to allow for an isolated investigation of flashboiling. The rapid expansion at the nozzle outlet is visualized with a microscopic high speed setup and the forces that lead to the characteristic spray expansion are discussed. Moreover, the results on the macroscopic spray in terms of penetration, cone angles and vapor phase are shown with a high speed Schlieren setup. Resulting droplet diameters and velocities are measured using LDA/PDA. As a result, we find a comprehensive picture of flash boiling. The underlying physics can be described and discussed for the specific case of high pressure injection at engine relevant nozzle geometries and conditions, but independently from neighbouring jets. These findings provide the basis to understand and investigate flashboiling and jet-to-jet interaction as distinct, but interacting subjects rather than a combined phenomenon.

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“…The n-heptane is recommended as standard test fluid to fuel injector in the automotive industries in order to reduce variations in the final test values that are reported for a wide variety of test protocols [6]. In addition, it is also used because their physicochemical properties have values close to those of real fuel.…”

Section: Fuelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of n-heptane temperature on atomization parameters from a single-hole port fuel injector

Júnior¹,

Fukumasu²,

Berti³

et al. 2016

Anais Do XXIV Simpósio Internacional De Engenharia Automotiva

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Currently, there are stringent emission norms that regulate the level of pollutant emissions which all automotive engines must satisfy. In order to ensure that new internal combustion engines reach the level of emission established in these norms, researchers have studied the physical phenomena that happen in each part of the engine. One important phenomenon that has a great influence in both fuel consumption and pollutant emissions is the spray formed by the fuel injector. In this work, experiments were conducted in order to analyze the influence of test fluid temperature on atomization parameters of the spray formed by a single-hole port fuel injector (PFI). The n-heptane was used as test fluid at three temperatures (0, 30 and 60• C). The evaluations of droplet sizes, drop size distributions and drop velocities were performed by Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) technique. The measurements were taken 125 mm downstream from the injector tip along its axis with 300 kPa injection pressure. Results indicated that increasing the test fluid temperature induces a reduction in mean droplet diameters. This result was also observed in drop size distributions. Moreover, the increase in fuel temperature led to droplets with higher velocities.

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Gasoline Fuel Injector Spray Measurement and Characterization - A New SAE J2715 Recommended Practice

Cited by 129 publications

References 5 publications

Internal and near nozzle measurements of Engine Combustion Network “Spray G” gasoline direct injectors

Internal and near nozzle measurements of Engine Combustion Network “Spray G” gasoline direct injectors

Flashboiling atomization in nozzles for GDI engines

Effect of n-heptane temperature on atomization parameters from a single-hole port fuel injector

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