Gaseous Therapeutics in Acute Lung Injury

Abstract

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain major causes of morbidity and mortality in critical care medicine despite advances in therapeutic modalities. ALI can be associated with sepsis, trauma, pharmaceutical or xenobiotic exposures, high oxygen therapy (hyperoxia), and mechanical ventilation. Of the small gas molecules (NO, CO, H₂S) that arise in human beings from endogenous enzymatic activities, the physiological significance of NO is well established, whereas that of CO or H₂S remains controversial. Recent studies have explored the potential efficacy of inhalation therapies using these small gas molecules in animal models of ALI. NO has vasoregulatory and redox-active properties and can function as a selective pulmonary vasodilator. Inhaled NO (iNO) has shown promise as a therapy in animal models of ALI including endotoxin challenge, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and lung transplantation. CO, another diatomic gas, can exert cellular tissue protection through antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. CO has shown therapeutic potential in animal models of endotoxin challenge, oxidative lung injury, I/R injury, pulmonary fibrosis, ventilator-induced lung injury, and lung transplantation. H₂S, a third potential therapeutic gas, can induce hypometabolic states in mice and can confer both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in rodent models of ALI and sepsis. Clinical studies have shown variable results for the efficacy of iNO in lung transplantation and failure for this therapy to improve mortality in ARDS patients. No clinical studies have been conducted with H₂S. The clinical efficacy of CO remains unclear and awaits further controlled clinical studies in transplantation and sepsis.

Carbon Monoxide Improves Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells During Sepsis by Production of Specialized Proresolving Lipid Mediators*

“…Gas molecules have been proposed as therapeutic agents for a variety of disease processes, including lung and even systemic illnesses (36, 37). One such gas is CO, which has been shown to be beneficial therapeutically in animal models of sepsis (16, 20, 21).…”

Gaseous mediators in resolution of inflammation

“…They observed that the plasma and leukocyte lipid mediator profiles in baboons with pneumonia were significantly shifted, with a reduction in the pro-resolution phenotype. However, this could be partially reversed by inhalation of CO. CO has shown therapeutic potential in animal models of acute lung injury, including those involving endotoxin challenge, oxidative lung injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, pulmonary fibrosis, ventilator-induced lung injury, and lung transplantation [98,107]. Inhaled CO is presently being assessed in clinical trials to determine if it can improve lung function and survival in a critical care setting.…”

Cell-cell interactions and bronchoconstrictor eicosanoid reduction with inhaled carbon monoxide and resolvin D1

“…and has a protective function in inflammatory diseases (24). With a systems approach, we recently reported that low-dose inhaled CO accelerates resolution of acute inflammation in mice, enhances human and mouse macrophage phagocytosis and efferocytosis, and temporally regulates local lipid mediators (LM) (7).…”