Gaseous Sterilization

Bruch, Carl W.

doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.15.100161.001333

Cited by 39 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Its toxicity to insects in adult, larval, and egg stages was complemented by its destruction of mold and fungi. When deemed necessary, sterilization against bacteria could be achieved as well 3 In 1968 the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommended a TLV of 50 ppm 8-hour TWA based on limited data from a six-month animal inhalation study where no adverse effects were observed at levels below 50 ppm and and epidemiologic study of employees exposed to EtO for 10 years or more at levels of 5-10 ppm with no adverse effects. At that time no evidence of carcinogenic!ty was available.…”

Section: History Of Use Of Eto As a Sterilant/fumigantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The comparative efficacy of dosage for various stages of insects has been examined 16 . The alkylating nature of EtO was reviewed by Bruch 3 . He noted that objection to the use of EtO in the food industry was due both to the destruction of vitamins and amino acids (niacin, riboflavin and folic acid) and to the concomitant hydrolytic residues such as ethylene and diethylene glycol formed when foods were sterilized with EtO 3 .…”

Section: Archive Library and Museum Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethylene Oxide Fumigation: Results and Risk. Assessment

Ballard¹,

Baer²

1986

Restaurator

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Section: History Of Use Of Eto As a Sterilant/fumigantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Archive Library and Museum Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene Oxide Fumigation: Results and Risk. Assessment

Ballard¹,

Baer²

1986

Restaurator

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“…This level was arbitrarily chosen since most commercial applications used from 400 to 1000 mg per liter (Bruch, 1961). The pressures ranged from 5 psig at 40°C (104°F) to 6.9 psig at 70°C (158°F).…”

Section: Exposure Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pressures were adjusted to obtain an ethylene oxide concentration of 700 mg per liter of sterilant atmosphere at all temperatures employed. This level was arbitrarily chosen since most commercial applications used from 400 to 1000 mg per liter (Bruch, 1961). The pressures ranged from 5 psig at 40°C (104°F) to 6.9 psig at 70°C (158°F).…”

Section: Temperature Relative Humidity and Ethylene Oxide Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochemical Factors Influencing the Death Kinetics of Spores of Clostridium botulinum 62 A

Kuzminski

Howard

Stumbo

1969

Journal of Food Science

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Death kinetics of spores of Clostridium botulinum, Type A, strain 62, were studied at sterilant gas temperatures in the range of 40°C (104°F) to 70°C (158°F). Hygroscopic carriers in the form of small discs of filter paper were used. The sterilant gas used was a mixture of dichlorodifluoromethane and ethylene oxide (88 and 12% by weight respectively).Pressures in the exposure atmosphere were adjusted to obtain an ethylene oxide concentration of 700 mg per liter at all temperatures. It was shown by gas-chromatographic analysis that an actual concentration of 700 + 20 mg per liter was maintained at all exposure temperatures during all exposure periods. The effect of various moisture levels on spore death kinetics was also studied. The relative humidities employed in both the preconditioning and exposure of spores were 3, 23, 33, 53 and 73%, respectively. Thermochemical resistance parameters, D and z, were calculated as the reciprocals of the slopes of the survivor curves and thermochemical destruction time curves, respectively.Of the various environmental moisture levels studied, a preconditioning and exposure relative humidity of 3% for destruction of C. botulinum spores taken from an aqueous suspension, was found to be most effective. This effect held for all temperatures studied. Over the range studied, temperature was seen to have the greatest effect at 3% relative humidity (RH), second greatest at 33% and least effect at

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“…Gaseous sterilisation was chosen because it caused least change in the moisture content and texture of the food and did not damage the sintered polythene of the culture tubes (Bruch, 1961). Propylene oxide was used in preference to ethylene oxide because it is a liquid at room temperature and thus can be pipetted directly into the sterilising vessel.…”

Section: Sterilisation Of Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axenic culture of the foreign grain beetle,Ahasverus advena(Waltl) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae), and the rôle of fungi in its nutrition

Hill

1965

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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Ahasverus advena (Waltl) has been reported as a pest of a wide range of stored foodstuffs (Woodroffe, 1962). Although of cosmopolitan distribution, it is typically a tropical species, being found in situations of high temperature and humidity, conditions which also favour rapid growth of mould. The insect is frequently found on mouldy produce and has been regarded for some time as a mould feeder. However, Woodroffe (1962) showed that it can eat groundnuts, although the lowest relative humidity at which it can maintain itself on this food is 70 per cent. The kernels were not visibly mouldy in Woodroffe's cultures, but he did not rule out the possibility that slight mould growth was being continuously eaten down by the beetles, since the growth of certain fungi that commonly occur on comparatively dry foodstuffs (members of the glaucus and restrictus species-groups of Aspergillus) is also limited at about the same relative humidity (Smith, 1954).One of Woodroffe's cultures on groundnuts, which had survived for a year at 70 per cent. E.H. and 30°C, was examined by the present author. Although the kernels were not visibly mouldy, a dilution plate count on 2 per cent, malt + 15 per cent, sodium chloride agar showed that there were about 10* viable particles of a mycelial yeast and about 10 7 viable particles of A. glaucus and A. restrictus combined per g. of nuts. When surface-sterilised insects were plated on the same medium, the same fungi grew from them. This showed that fungi were present on the groundnuts and that the insects were probably eating them. Was it merely coincidental that the relative humidity limits of the insect on groundnuts and of the fungi were similar, or could the insect survive on groundnuts only when moulds were growing on them? This question could be answered only by attempting to culture the insects under truly axenic conditions, i.e., in the absence of other living organisms.The purpose of the present work was to find out whether Ahasverus advena can develop under axenic conditions, whether a food that is deficient under these conditions can be made adequate by the growth of moulds on it, and whether wheat germ (upon which Woodroffe was able to breed the species successfully) is a complete food in the absence of micro-organisms. Materials and methods Culture jarsThe apparatus shown in fig. 1 was designed to enable several individual axenic cultures of A. advena to be maintained at controlled temperature and relative humidity. The loosely fitting metal cap prevented contamination yet allowed sufficient aeration of the cultures. The porous sintered polythene base of the culture tubes exposed the food and insects to the chosen relative humidity, which was maintained by a solution of potassium hydroxide in the jar. Temperature was controlled by keeping the jars in a constant-temperature room.

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Gaseous Sterilization

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Ethylene Oxide Fumigation: Results and Risk. Assessment

Ethylene Oxide Fumigation: Results and Risk. Assessment

Thermochemical Factors Influencing the Death Kinetics of Spores of Clostridium botulinum 62 A

Axenic culture of the foreign grain beetle,Ahasverus advena(Waltl) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae), and the rôle of fungi in its nutrition

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