Gaseous Ozonation to Reduce Aflatoxins Levels and Microbial Contamination in Corn Grits

Porto, Yuri Duarte; Trombete, Felipe Machado; Freitas-Silva, Otniel; Castro, I. M. de; Direito, Glória Maria; Ascheri, J. L. R.

doi:10.3390/microorganisms7080220

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…As a highly oxidative agent, ozone reacts with the furan ring of aflatoxin to breakdown the C 8 = C 9 double bond with a consequent inactivation of the mycotoxin, which limits its action to aflatoxins bearing this double bond e.g., AFB1 and AFG1 [215]. In addition to aflatoxin detoxification, ozonation was demonstrated to reduce significantly the counts of moulds including the main aflatoxigenic species A. flavus and A. parasiticus, thereby preventing the growth of these molds and aflatoxin production during storage [216]. Ammoniation was especially recommended for feed decontamination and could also remove efficiently (>99%) aflatoxins in a dose-and time-dependent manner [217].…”

Section: Decontaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Benkerroum

2020

IJERPH

183

112

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This review aims to update the main aspects of aflatoxin production, occurrence and incidence in selected countries, and associated aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Means to reduce aflatoxin incidence in crops were also presented, with an emphasis on the environmentally-friendly technology using atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins are unavoidable widespread natural contaminants of foods and feeds with serious impacts on health, agricultural and livestock productivity, and food safety. They are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species distributed on three main sections of the genus (section Flavi, section Ochraceorosei, and section Nidulantes). Poor economic status of a country exacerbates the risk and the extent of crop contamination due to faulty storage conditions that are usually suitable for mold growth and mycotoxin production: temperature of 22 to 29 °C and water activity of 0.90 to 0.99. This situation paralleled the prevalence of high liver cancer and the occasional acute aflatoxicosis episodes that have been associated with these regions. Risk assessment studies revealed that Southeast Asian (SEA) and Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries remain at high risk and that, apart from the regulatory standards revision to be more restrictive, other actions to prevent or decontaminate crops are to be taken for adequate public health protection. Indeed, a review of publications on the incidence of aflatoxins in selected foods and feeds from countries whose crops are classically known for their highest contamination with aflatoxins, reveals that despite the intensive efforts made to reduce such an incidence, there has been no clear tendency, with the possible exception of South Africa, towards sustained improvements. Nonetheless, a global risk assessment of the new situation regarding crop contamination with aflatoxins by international organizations with the required expertise is suggested to appraise where we stand presently.

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Section: Decontaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Benkerroum

2020

IJERPH

183

112

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“…Ozone, an odd molecule made of three oxygen atoms, is a gas that occurs naturally in very small amounts in the Earth’s atmosphere, both in the Earth’s upper atmosphere and at ground level [ 94 ]. High in the stratosphere, about 25 km above the Earth, O 3 is formed naturally in the so-called “O 3 layer” from atmospheric oxygen by exposure to UV light and serves as a protective layer that absorbs harmful UV radiation (“friend O 3 ”).…”

Section: Mycotoxin Detoxification In Food and Feed By Ozonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This ground-level O 3 is formed when exhaust gas emissions from vehicles (mainly represented by nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds) interact with sunlight, especially in the summer; the entire complex of reaction is known as “photochemical smog”. When O 3 is above threshold levels (e.g., air quality standards for the protection of health, as given in the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives set the O 3 target value at 120 µg m −3 as a maximum daily 8-hour mean, not to be exceeded on more than 25 days a year −1 , averaged for three years [ 94 ]), it can irritate lungs and cause severe short- and long-term health problems.…”

Section: Mycotoxin Detoxification In Food and Feed By Ozonementioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in Feed and Food and the Role of Ozone in Their Detoxification and Degradation: An Update

Conte

Fontanelli

Galli

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some filamentous fungi, which can cause toxicity in animal species, including humans. Because of their high toxicological impacts, mycotoxins have received significant consideration, leading to the definition of strict legislative thresholds and limits in many areas of the world. Mycotoxins can reduce farm profits not only through reduced crop quality and product refusal, but also through a reduction in animal productivity and health. This paper briefly addresses the impacts of mycotoxin contamination of feed and food on animal and human health, and describes the main pre- and post-harvest systems to control their levels, including genetic, agronomic, biological, chemical, and physical methods. It so highlights (i) the lack of effective and straightforward solutions to control mycotoxin contamination in the field, at pre-harvest, as well as later post-harvest; and (ii) the increasing demand for novel methods to control mycotoxin infections, intoxications, and diseases, without leaving toxic chemical residues in the food and feed chain. Thus, the broad objective of the present study was to review the literature on the use of ozone for mycotoxin decontamination, proposing this gaseous air pollutant as a powerful tool to detoxify mycotoxins from feed and food.

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“…As a highly oxidative agent, ozone reacts with the furan ring of aflatoxin to breakdown the C8=C9 double bond with a consequent inactivation of the mycotoxin, which limits its action to aflatoxins bearing this double bond e.g., AFB1 and AFG1 [203]. In addition to aflatoxin detoxification, ozonation was demonstrated to reduce significantly the counts of moulds including the main aflatoxigenic species A. flavus and A. parasiticus, thereby preventing the growth of these molds and aflatoxin production during storage [204]. Ammoniation was especially recommended for feed decontamination and could also remove efficiently (>99%) aflatoxins in a dose-and time-dependent manner [205].…”

Section: Decontaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: Production, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Benkerroum¹

2020

Preprint

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This review aimed to update the main aspects of aflatoxin production, occurrence and incidence in selected countries, and associated aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Means to reduce aflatoxin incidence in crops were also presented with an emphasis on the environment-friendly technology using atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins are unavoidable widespread natural contaminants of foods and feeds with serious impact on health, agricultural and livestock productivity, and food safety. They are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species distributed on three main sections of the genus (section Flavi, section Ochraceorosei, and section Nidulantes). Poor economic status of a country exacerbates the risk and the extent of crop contamination due to faulty storage conditions that are usually suitable for mold growth and mycotoxin production: temperature of 22 to 29°C and water activity of 0.90 to 0.99. This situation paralleled the prevalence of high liver cancer and the occasional acute aflatoxicosis episodes that have been associated with these regions. Risk assessment studies revealed that Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries remain at high risk and that, apart from the regulatory standards revision to be more restrictive, other actions to prevent or decontaminate crops are to be taken for adequate public health protection. Indeed, a review of publications on the incidence of aflatoxins in selected foods and feeds from countries whose crops are classically known for their highest contamination with aflatoxins, reveals that despite the intensive efforts made to reduce such an incidence, there has been no clear tendency, with the possible exception of South Africa, towards sustained improvements. Nonetheless, a global risk assessment of the new situation regarding crop contamination with aflatoxins by international organizations with the required expertise is suggested to appraise where we stand presently.

show abstract

Gaseous Ozonation to Reduce Aflatoxins Levels and Microbial Contamination in Corn Grits

Cited by 47 publications

References 27 publications

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Mycotoxins in Feed and Food and the Role of Ozone in Their Detoxification and Degradation: An Update

Aflatoxins: Production, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

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