Gas Sensors Based on Titanium Oxides (Review)

Abstract

Nanostructured titanium compounds have recently been applied in the design of gas sensors. Among titanium compounds, titanium oxides (TiO2) are the most frequently used in gas sensing devices. Therefore, in this review, we are paying significant attention to the variety of allotropic modifications of titanium oxides, which include anatase, rutile, brukite. Very recently, the applicability of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2−x)-based layers for the design of gas sensors was demonstrated. For this reason, in this review, we are addressing some research related to the formation of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2−x) and Magnéli phase (TinO2n−1)-based layers suitable for sensor design. The most promising titanium compounds and hetero- and nano-structures based on these compounds are discussed. It is also outlined that during the past decade, many new strategies for the synthesis of TiO2 and conducting polymer-based composite materials were developed, which have found some specific application areas. Therefore, in this review, we are highlighting how specific formation methods, which can be used for the formation of TiO2 and conducting polymer composites, can be applied to tune composite characteristics that are leading towards advanced applications in these specific technological fields. The possibility to tune the sensitivity and selectivity of titanium compound-based sensing layers is addressed. In this review, some other recent reviews related to the development of sensors based on titanium oxides are overviewed. Some designs of titanium-based nanomaterials used for the development of sensors are outlined.

Advances and emerging challenges in MXenes and their nanocomposites for biosensing applications

“…Several promising studies have been performed on the utilization of TiO 2 nanostructured compounds for sensing. 113,114 TiO 2 NPs loaded Ti 3 C 2 MXene with an organ-like structure have been used for haemoglobin (Hb) immobilization to fabricate a mediator-free biosensor for H 2 O 2 detection. The proposed sensing device (Naon/Hb/TiO-Ti 3 C 2 /GCE) showed an exceptional performance with signicantly very low LOD of 14 nm, a broad linear range of 0.1-380 mM for H 2 O 2 and a sensitivity of 447.3 mA mM À1 cm À2 .…”

Conducting Polymers for the Design of Tactile Sensors

“…Two-dimensional conductive subjects are described by tunneling theory, where the transition of electron flow properties occurs in a network of heterogeneous conducting filler with an insulating material matrix system. As a new example, two-dimensional transition metal carbides, commonly known as MXenes, have been exploited as excellent material candidates for use as fillers in polymer nanocomposites [ 2 ].…”

“…TS are generally based on the matrix-based principle, which allows monitoring of the entire specific surface area, rather than just monitoring the pressure at individual points. Many types of sensors including TS are based on the application of semiconducting materials deposited on top of interdigitated electrodes in which a p -type region is diffused into an n -type base [ 1 , 2 ]. Piezoresistive materials with variable conductivity are the most important part of tactile sensors, therefore, the nature of the material from which this part is composed is very important because it influences the performance of the TS and its operational parameters.…”

Assessment of TiO2 Nanoparticle Impact on Surface Morphology of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

“…Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is widely used as a pigment in cosmetics, the food industry, sunscreen production, and sensorics [1][2][3]. The production of TiO 2 nanoparticles is growing, and it currently stands at millions of metric tons [4].…”