Gas seeps in Lake Baikal—detection, distribution, and implications for water column mixing

Granin, N. G.; Макаров, М. М.; Kucher, K. M.; Gnatovsky, R.Yu.

doi:10.1007/s00367-010-0201-3

Cited by 60 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Most of the observed gas seeps and hydrothermal vents are in the shallow parts of the lake (Crane et al 1991, Granin andGranina 2002). According to the map of Lake Baikal with the locations of the known seeps, the mud volcanoes and the historically observed ice steam holes (Granin and Granina 2002, Schmid et al 2007, Granin et al 2010, they are often observed near Capes Tolstyi and Small Kadil'niy, in the Olkhonskiye Vorota Strait and at other locations; the largest number of shallow seeps is found in the Selenga delta region (Granin et al 2010). In addition, the size of the steam holes ranges from one-half of a metre to hundred of metres (but not several kilometres), and thus, this is not a good explanation.…”

Section: Ice Ringsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Deep water CH 4 could be released primarily from isolated mud volcanoes and from gas hydrates in the sediments destabilized by tectonic/seismic activity or by increased heat flow due to hydrothermal activity (Sizykh et al 2004, Klerkx et al 2006. Several mud volcanoes with gas and oil seeps are located in deep water, but they are relatively far from the locations of the ice rings on the surface and their flares rarely reach the lake surface (Granin et al 2010). The methane gas hydrates occur at depths greater than 600 m on both sides of the Selenga River delta in the southern and central basins (Sizykh et al 2004, Schmid et al 2007.…”

Section: Ice Ringsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…with mixing twice a year; within the upper layer, there are seasonal changes in temperature (Granin et al 2010). Vertical temperature distribution determines the density stratification in a large part of the water column, except for the layer in which the temperature approaches the temperature of maximum density (Granin et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unique phenomena in Lake Baikal, Russia, imaged and studied with SAR and multi-sensor images

Ivanov

2012

International Journal of Remote Sensing

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Lake Baikal in the Russian Federation, the deepest freshwater lake in the world, has several unique hydrological and weather regimes and other natural phenomena, including local winds, giant ice rings and oil seeps. These phenomena leave pronounced footprints on the surface of the lake and in the ice cover. They can be imaged, mapped and studied by remote sensing, in particular, by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and multi-sensor imagery. For the first time, a study of three different phenomena -local winds, oil seeps and ice rings -in Lake Baikal has been performed primarily using remote-sensing data and images. The multi-sensor imagery that was collected and analysed, including SAR and optical images, provides both new insight into and new information on these phenomena to help understand their nature.

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Section: Ice Ringsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Ice Ringsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Unique phenomena in Lake Baikal, Russia, imaged and studied with SAR and multi-sensor images

Ivanov

2012

International Journal of Remote Sensing

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“…For example, sonar shows that bubbles can rise distances of hundreds of meters [Granin et al, 2010;Greinert et al, 2006;Sauter et al, 2006] or even to more than two kilometers [Spiess and Artemov, 2010], indicating that bubble dissolution may not occur rapidly.…”

Section: Bubbles An Bubble Plumes In the Hydrate Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Remote Sensing and Sea-Truth Measurements of Methane Flux to the Atmosphere (HYFLUX project)

MacDonald¹

2011

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A multi-disciplinary investigation of distribution and magnitude of methane fluxes from seafloor gas hydrate deposits in the Gulf of Mexico was conducted based on results obtained from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing and from sampling conducted during a research expedition to three sites where gas hydrate occurs (MC118, GC600, and GC185). Samples of sediments, water, and air were collected from the ship and from an ROV submersible using sediments cores, niskin bottles attached to the ROV and to a rosette, and an automated sea-air interface collector.The SAR images were used to quantify the magnitude and distribution of natural oil and gas seeps that produced perennial oil slicks on the ocean surface. A total of 176 SAR images were processed using a texture classifying neural network algorithm, which segmented the ocean surface into oil-free and oilcovered water. Geostatistical analysis indicates that there are a total of 1081 seep formations distributed over the entire Gulf of Mexico basin. Oil-covered water comprised an average of 780.0 sq. km (sd 86.03) distributed with an area of 147,370 sq. km. Persistent oil and gas seeps were also detected with SAR sampling on other ocean margins located in the Black Sea, western coast of Africa, and offshore Pakistan.Analysis of sediment cores from all three sites show profiles of sulfate, sulfide, calcium and alkalinity that indicated anaerobic oxidation of methane with precipitation of authigenic carbonates. Difference among the three sampling sites may reflect the relative magnitude of methane flux.Methane concentrations in water column samples collected by ROV and rosette deployments from MC118 ranged from ~33,000 nM at the seafloor to ~12 nM in the mixed layer with isolated peaks up to ~13,670 nM coincident with the top of the gas hydrate stability field. Average plume methane, ethane, and propane concentrations in the mixed layer are 7, 630, and 9,540 times saturation, respectively. Based on the contemporaneous wind speeds at this site, contemporary estimates of the diffusive fluxes from the mixed layer to the atmosphere for methane, ethane, and propane are 26.5, 2.10, and 2.78 µmol/m 2 d, respectively.Continuous measurements of air and sea surface concentrations of methane were made to obtain high spatial and temporal resolution of the diffusive net sea-to-air fluxes. The atmospheric methane fluctuated between 1.70 ppm and 2.40 ppm during the entire cruise except for high concentrations (up to 4.01 ppm) sampled during the end of the occupation of GC600 and the transit between GC600 and GC185. Results from interpolations within the survey areas show the daily methane fluxes to the atmosphere at the three sites range from 0.744 to 300 mol d-1.Considering that the majority of seeps in the GOM are deep (>500 m), elevated CH 4 concentrations in near-surface waters resulting from bubble-mediated CH 4 transport in the water column are expected to be widespread in the Gulf of Mexico. HYFLUX Final Report iiTexas A&M University -Corpus Christi...

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“…Specifically bubble dissolutions were well simulated where dissolution was controlled by hydrate solubility rather than free gas solubility. Hydrate skins are critical to explaining sonar data showing natural seepage bubbles rising hundreds to order kilometer [Granin et al, 2010;Greinert et al, 2006;Sauter et al, 2006], or even to more than two kilometers [Spiess and Artemov, 2010]. Within the hydrate stability field (HSF), methane and/or other natural gas compounds smaller than pentane combine with water to produce a metastable ice where the methane is trapped in a water molecule cage, allowing 164 volumetric compression compared to the gas phase at STP [Beauchamp, 2004].…”

Section: Hydrates and Bubblesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrate research activities that both support and derive from the monitoring station/sea-floor Observatory, Mississippi Canyon 118, northern Gulf of Mexico

Lutken

2013

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Gas seeps in Lake Baikal—detection, distribution, and implications for water column mixing

Cited by 60 publications

References 16 publications

Unique phenomena in Lake Baikal, Russia, imaged and studied with SAR and multi-sensor images

Unique phenomena in Lake Baikal, Russia, imaged and studied with SAR and multi-sensor images

Remote Sensing and Sea-Truth Measurements of Methane Flux to the Atmosphere (HYFLUX project)

Hydrate research activities that both support and derive from the monitoring station/sea-floor Observatory, Mississippi Canyon 118, northern Gulf of Mexico

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