“…In the liquid, thermal decomposition and subsequent reactions, as well as phase transition, take place, generating gas Table 15 Theoretical models of solid-propellant ignition, adopted from Ref. [21] Solid-phase reaction model Heterogeneous reaction model Gas-phase reaction model [190][191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198] [199][200][201][202][203][204][205][206] Remarks Suitable for condensed-phase controlled materials, such as double-based propellants Suitable for gas-phase controlled material, such as low vulnerability ammunition (LOVA) propellants Effect of pressure is under-estimated since condensed-phase process is insensitive to pressure Suitable for the surface-reaction controlled material, such as polymers, hypergolic systems, etc.…”