Gas–liquid–solid reaction system for CO₂ electroreduction to formate without using supporting electrolyte

Abstract

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Continuous Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate: Comparative Study of the Influence of the Electrode Configuration with Sn and Bi-Based Electrocatalysts

“…In Table 2 , the comparison between the GDE configuration (Bi/C-GDE) [ 68 ] and the CCME configuration (Bi/C-CCME) [ 69 ], employing the same Bi/C NPs as electrocatalyst, is carried out, in terms of HCOO − concentration, HCOO − rate, FE for HCOO − , and the energy consumption per kmol of HCOO − .…”

“…As previously discussed in Section 2 , the key variables studied in the CCMEs configuration are the temperature and the water flow in the input CO 2 stream [ 67 , 69 ]. In order to compare the performance of Sn/C-CCMEs and Bi/C-CCMEs, all the experiments considered for the study in this section were carried out operating with a catalyst load = 0.75 mg·cm −2 and a current density = 45 mA·cm −2 .…”

“…In contrast, the behavior of the two different electrocatalysts (Sn/C NPs and Bi/C NPs) was compared under the same configuration and experimental setup in both studies: (i) GDEs ( Figure 5 a), which are described as detailed in Castillo et al 2017 [ 66 ] and Díaz-Sainz et al 2019 [ 68 ], and (ii) CCMEs ( Figure 5 b), whose fabrication and characterization are described in Díaz-Sainz et al 2018 [ 67 ] and Díaz-Sainz et al 2020 [ 69 ]. In this context, the size of both quasi-spherical Sn/C and Bi/C NPs are 10–15 nm and 9.3 ± 1.6 nm, respectively.…”

“…Sn/C-CCMEs and Bi/C-CCMEs are indicated in green and red, respectively. Data taken from references [ 67 , 69 ].…”

“… Influence of water flow in the CO 2 stream on ( a ) Faradaic efficiency for HCOO − (%), ( b ) HCOO − rate (mmol·m −2 ·s− 1 ), ( c ) energy consumption per kmol of HCOO − (kWh·kmol −1 ), and ( d ) HCOO − concentration (g·L −1 ) in the water flow range of 0.15–1 g·h −1 applied at a constant current density = 45 mA·cm −2 , a catalyst loading = 0.75 mg·cm −2 , and a temperature = 20 °C Sn/C-CCMEs and Bi/C-CCMEs are indicated in green and red, respectively. Data taken from references [ 67 , 69 ]. …”