Gas exchange rates between air and sea

Broecker, Wallace S.; Peng, Tsung‐Hung

doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01948.x

Cited by 541 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Osafune and Yasuda (2012) also drew from a modeling study to argue that tidal mixing could induce O 2 variations through the development of a winter mixed layer due to upward salt flux over broad areas. Here we roughly estimate O 2 oscillations through air-sea gas exchange associated with differences in mixed layer depths (Broecker & Peng, 1974) using climatological winds in the region (Kalnay et al, 1996) and a broadly used formulation of the gas transfer velocity (Wanninkhof, 1992). Even in the extreme case that dissolved O 2 , T, and S are uniform in the mixed layer, as prescribed by the winter average on the isopycnal surface of σ θ = 26.7 kg/m 3 (Figure 2c), O 2 oscillates with a maximum amplitude of about 4 μmol/kg associated with the oscillations of the thickness of the mixed layer (assuming equal to the depth of σ θ = 26.7 kg/m 3 ) between 160 m and 200 m (Figure 13c).…”

Section: (E) Winter Ventilation Associated With Variations In Mixed Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decline and Bidecadal Oscillations of Dissolved Oxygen in the Oyashio Region and Their Propagation to the Western North Pacific

Sasano

Takatani

Kosugi

et al. 2018

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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During the period 1954–2014, concentrations of dissolved oxygen (O2) in the Oyashio region of the western subarctic North Pacific has been oscillating over bidecadal timescales and significantly decreasing over the isopycnal layer spanning σθ = 26.6–27.5 kg/m3. The cycles of oscillation (16.4–19.6 years) are almost consistent and synchronized within 1 year over this density layer and are probably controlled by the nodal tidal cycle of 18.6 years and/or atmospheric forcing. The mean rate of the long‐term decrease is the highest (−0.70 ± 0.06 μmol · kg−1 · year−1) in the temperature minimum layer. The O2 decline there is predominantly attributed to a reduction of ventilation in winter due to warming and freshening. On the other hand, the O2 decline in deeper layers down to the oxygen minimum layer is attributable to a reduction in ventilation in the Sea of Okhotsk associated with a reduction in sea ice formation and propagation of its impact through diapycnal mixing adjacent to the Bussol' Strait. These trends of bidecadal oscillations and decline of O2 were also found in the downstream to the east in the 165°E section at latitudes 30°N–42.5°N on σθ = 26.8 kg/m3 and with attenuated amplitudes at latitudes of 40°N–45°N in the oxygen minimum layer on σθ = 27.4 kg/m3. These results indicate that the signal of secular declines of O2, together with bidecadal oscillations, is being propagated broadly from the Oyashio source region into the interior of the Pacific Ocean.

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Section: (E) Winter Ventilation Associated With Variations In Mixed Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decline and Bidecadal Oscillations of Dissolved Oxygen in the Oyashio Region and Their Propagation to the Western North Pacific

Sasano

Takatani

Kosugi

et al. 2018

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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“…To calculate the diffusive oxygen uptake, we used Fick's first law of diffusion ) at in situ temperature and salinity (Broecker and Peng 1974).…”

Section: Oxygen Microelectrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2014

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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“…An even larger sensitivity to the choice of k w exists for the air-sea transfer of the isotopes of CO 2 , i.e., 14 CO 2 and 13 CO 2 , since the characteristic exchange time-scale for these isotopes is about ten times longer than that for CO 2 itself (Broecker and Peng 1974). This is a consequence of the fact that isotopic equilibrium across the air-sea interface needs to be established by equilibrating all carbonate species in the surface ocean, while for CO 2 , the shortcut reaction involving HCO À 3 and CO À2 3 establish a faster equilibrium.…”

Section: Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer Across the Air-Sea Interface

Garbe

Rutgersson

Boutin

et al. 2013

Springer Earth System Sciences

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The efficiency of transfer of gases and particles across the air-sea interface is controlled by several physical, biological and chemical processes in the atmosphere and water which are described here (including waves, large-and small-scale turbulence, bubbles, sea spray, rain and surface films). For a deeper understanding of relevant transport mechanisms, several models have been developed, ranging from conceptual models to numerical models. Most frequently the transfer is described by various functional dependencies of the wind speed, but more detailed descriptions need additional information. The study of gas transfer mechanisms uses a variety of experimental methods ranging from laboratory studies to carbon budgets, mass balance methods, micrometeorological techniques and thermographic techniques. Different methods resolve the transfer at different scales of time and space; this is important to take into account when comparing different results. Air-sea transfer is relevant in a wide range of applications, for example, local and regional fluxes, global models, remote sensing and computations of global inventories. The sensitivity of global models to the description of transfer velocity is limited; it is however likely that the formulations are more important when the resolution increases and other processes in models are improved. For global flux estimates using inventories or remote sensing products the accuracy of the transfer formulation as well as the accuracy of the wind field is crucial. IntroductionThe transfer of gases and particles across the air-sea interface depends not only on the concentration difference between the water and the air, but also on the efficiency of the transfer process. The efficiency of the transfer is controlled by complex interaction of a variety of processes in the air and in the water near the interface. Here we treat both gases and particles since the transfer, to some extent, is governed by similar mechanisms. Studies of transfer across the air-sea interface include a variety of methods and techniques ranging from laboratory studies, modeling and large-scale field studies. Various methods reach somewhat different conclusions, due to representation of different

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Gas exchange rates between air and sea

Cited by 541 publications

References 22 publications

Decline and Bidecadal Oscillations of Dissolved Oxygen in the Oyashio Region and Their Propagation to the Western North Pacific

Decline and Bidecadal Oscillations of Dissolved Oxygen in the Oyashio Region and Their Propagation to the Western North Pacific

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Transfer Across the Air-Sea Interface

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