Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of JWH-018 metabolites in urine samples with direct comparison to analytical standards

Emerson, Beth; Durham, Bill; Gidden, Jennifer; Lay, Jackson O.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.006

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…The growing number of SCRAs on the global and national market, their chemical diversity, frequent changes in composition, and difficulties that come with the analysis of these substances pose a significant challenge for clinical toxicologists and forensic services. Routine analysis and screening of these substances in biological samples and seized materials mainly rely on the analytical methods such as GC/MS, HPLC/MS, and immunochemical assays (10,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and analytical experience of the National Poison Control Centre with synthetic cannabinoids

Vučinić

Kilibarda

Đorđević

et al. 2018

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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A rising number of patients are being treated for overdosing with new psychoactive substances (NPS) available at the illegal drug market in Serbia. The aim of this study was to report clinical and analytical experience of the National Poison Control Centre of Serbia (NPCC) with synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) and point to the NPS available at the illegal drug market in our country. From January 2013 to December 2016, 58 patients (aged between 14 and 25) were treated for the effects of synthetic cannabinoids at the NPCC. Tachycardia was established in 53, mydriasis in 31, somnolence, nausea, vomiting, and agitation in 16, dizziness in 10, disorientation in 9, dyspnoea and chest pain in 4, and loss of consciousness, pallor, paraesthesia, muscle twitches, and short-term memory impairment in 2 patients. After receiving symptomatic and supportive treatment in the emergency ward, all patients had fully recovered within 8 h and were discharged shortly afterwards. Another part of the study was focused on the analysis of the products known under their local street names as "Biljni tamjan" (herbal incense), "Beli slez", and "Rainbow Special" and the analysis of urine sampled from the patients with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. The detected synthetic cannabinoids were AB-PINACA, JWH-018, JWH-122, JWH-210, 5F-AKB48, and MDMB-CHMICA in herbal products and AB-FUBINACA, AB-CHMINACA, and MDMB-CHMICA in the urine samples. Our findings have shown the great capacity of NPCC to I) monitor NPS abuse in Serbia, II) reliably detect SCs in illicit products and biological samples, and III) clinically manage the adverse effects in their users. Future commitments of the NPCC will include systematic collection of relevant data on SCs and their adverse effects, detection of changes in purity and composition of the controlled NPS-based products, and raising the public awareness of NPS to improve the effectiveness of the national Early Warning System.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and analytical experience of the National Poison Control Centre with synthetic cannabinoids

Vučinić

Kilibarda

Đorđević

et al. 2018

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…Without increased analytical capacity, forensic testing laboratories are limited in their ability to evaluate emerging drugs of abuse (Moran, 2011). Analytical techniques like gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Bretteville-Jensen et al, 2013, Emerson et al, 2013, Gottardo et al, 2012, Presley et al, 2013), liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (Bretteville-Jensen et al, 2013, Presley et al, 2013, Teske et al, 2010, Wohlfarth et al, 2013) and time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF) (Bretteville-Jensen et al, 2013, Gottardo et al, 2012, Presley et al, 2013) are often required to identify and quantify SCBs present in K2 products. Recent reviews provide a comprehensive compilation of forensic data available for the historical identification of SCBs in these commercial preparations (Bretteville-Jensen et al, 2013, Presley et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, investigators are beginning to overcome these barriers. Several reference standards are commercially available and research laboratories are reporting new synthetic procedures (Emerson et al, 2013, Lovett et al, 2013). While many different analytical techniques have been investigated over the past three years, most human testing laboratories rely on LC-MS/MS techniques to assay parent SCBs in human blood (Hudson et al, 2010, Teske et al, 2010), and oxidized and conjugated metabolites in urine (Chimalakonda et al, 2011a, Chimalakonda et al, 2011b, Dresen et al, 2010, Dresen et al, 2011, ElSohly et al, 2011, Grigoryev et al, 2011a, Grigoryev et al, 2011b, Moller et al, 2011, Moran et al, 2011, Sobolevsky et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to Δ9-THC: Mechanism underlying greater toxicity?

et al. 2014

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K2 or Spice products are emerging drugs of abuse that contain synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs). Although assumed by many teens and first time drug users to be a “safe” and “legal” alternative to marijuana, many recent reports indicate that SCBs present in K2 produce toxicity not associated with the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). This mini-review will summarize recent evidence that use of K2 products poses greater health risks relative to marijuana, and suggest that distinct pharmacological properties and metabolism of SCBs relative to Δ9-THC may contribute to the observed toxicity. Studies reviewed will indicate that in contrast to partial agonist properties of Δ9-THC typically observed in vitro, SCBs in K2 products act as full cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R) agonists in both cellular assays and animal studies. Furthermore, unlike Δ9-THC metabolism, several SCB metabolites retain high affinity for, and exhibit a range of intrinsic activities at, CB1 and CB2Rs. Finally, several reports indicate that although quasi-legal SCBs initially evaded detection and legal consequences, these presumed “advantages” have been limited by new legislation and development of product and human testing capabilities. Collectively, evidence reported in this mini-review suggests that K2 products are neither safe nor legal alternatives to marijuana. Instead, enhanced toxicity of K2 products relative to marijuana, perhaps resulting from the combined actions of a complex mixture of different SCBs present and their active metabolites that retain high affinity for CB1 and CB2Rs, highlights the inherent danger that may accompany use of these substances.

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“…(3) Comparison of chromatographic and mass spectrometric characteristics of the synthesized sub stances with those of the detected metabolites; final identification of metabolites and elaboration of proce dures [218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228].…”

Section: Determination Of New Narcoticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of new narcotic substances and methods of their determination

2014

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History of the appearance and evolution of synthetic narcotics in recent years is presented. The main attention is paid to two classes of narcotic substances received the widest distribution in the world, i.e., cannabimetics and synthetic cations. The main classes, problems of identification, and approaches to the determination of new narcotics are considered. Approaches and solutions used in the quantitative analysis and screening of narcotics are discussed along with some aspects of sample preparation to their determination and matrix effects. The specific features of the determination of new narcotics in commercial products and biological samples are considered separately. Present day methods of chromatography-mass spectrometry are most informative for timely revealing new narcotic substances, studying their metabolism, and developing reliable methods for the screening of native and biological samples.

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Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of JWH-018 metabolites in urine samples with direct comparison to analytical standards

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Clinical and analytical experience of the National Poison Control Centre with synthetic cannabinoids

Clinical and analytical experience of the National Poison Control Centre with synthetic cannabinoids

Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to Δ9-THC: Mechanism underlying greater toxicity?

Evolution of new narcotic substances and methods of their determination

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