Gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer analysis of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in man and his environment—a multimedia environmental study

Barkley, Jane; Bunch, John E.; Bursey, Joan T.; Castillo, N.P.; Cooper, Steven D.; Davis, Joseph M.; Erickson, Mitchell D.; Harris, Benhamin S. H.; Kirkpatrick, Milas; Michael, Larry C.; Parks, Sandra P.; Pellizzari, Edo D.; Ray, Margaret A.; Smith, Doris; Tomer, Kenneth B.; Wagner, R.M.; Zweidinger, Roy B.

doi:10.1002/bms.1200070402

Cited by 37 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The method was modified and improved for use in the U.S. EPA-sponsored studies (19)(20)(21). The subject inhales pure humidified and charcoal-scrubbed air from a 20-liter Tedlar bag that has previously been filled from a pure air cylinder and then exhales into a second 20-liter Tedlar bag.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers.

Wallace

Buckley

Pellizzari

et al. 1996

Environ Health Perspect

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A brief review of the uses of breath analysis in studies of environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is provided. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's large-scale Total Exposure Assessment Methodology Studies have measured concentrations of 32 target VOCs in the exhaled breath of about 800 residents of various U.S. cities. Since the previous 12-hr integrated personal air exposures to the same chemicals were also measured, the relation between exposure and body burden is illuminated. Another major use of the breath measurements has been to detect unmeasured pathways of exposure; the major impact of active smoking on exposure to benzene and styrene was detected in this way. Following the earlier field studies, a series of chamber studies have provided estimates of several important physiological parameters. Among these are the fraction, f, of the inhaled chemical that is exhaled under steady-state conditions and the residence times, t, in several body compartments, which may be associated with the blood (or liver), organs, muscle, and fat. Most of the targeted VOCs appear to have similar residence times of a few minutes, 30 min, several hours, and several days in the respective tissue groups. Knowledge of these parameters can be helpful in estimating body burden from exposure or vice versa and in planning environmental studies, particularly in setting times to monitor breath in studies of the variation with time of body burden. Improvements in breath methods have made it possible to study short-term peak exposure situations such as filling a gas tank or taking a shower in contaminated water.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers.

Wallace

Buckley

Pellizzari

et al. 1996

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This method was capable of measuring sub-parts per billion levels and represented an improvement in sensitivity over the activated charcoal methods then in use. The method was modified and improved for use in the U.S. EPA-sponsored studies (19)(20)(21). The subject inhales pure humidified and charcoal-scrubbed air from a 20-liter Tedlar bag that has previously been filled from a pure air cylinder and then exhales into a second 20-liter Tedlar bag.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath Measurements as Volatile Organic Compound Biomarkers

Buckley¹

1996

Environmental Health Perspectives

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A brief review of the uses of breath analysis in studies of environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is provided. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's large-scale Total Exposure Assessment Methodology Studies have measured concentrations of 32 target VOCs in the exhaled breath of about 800 residents of various U.S. cities. Since the previous 12-hr integrated personal air exposures to the same chemicals were also measured, the relation between exposure and body burden is illuminated. Another major use of the breath measurements has been to detect unmeasured pathways of exposure; the major impact of active smoking on exposure to benzene and styrene was detected in this way. Following the earlier field studies, a series of chamber studies have provided estimates of several important physiological parameters. Among these are the fraction, f, of the inhaled chemical that is exhaled under steady-state conditions and the residence times. tau i in several body compartments, which may be associated with the blood (or liver), organs, muscle, and fat. Most of the targeted VOCs appear to have similar residence times of a few minutes, 30 min, several hours, and several days in the respective tissue groups. Knowledge of these parameters can be helpful in estimating body burden from exposure or vice versa and in planning environmental studies, particularly in setting times to monitor breath in studies of the variation with time of body burden. Improvements in breath methods have made it possible to study short-term peak exposure situations such as filling a gas tank or taking a shower in contaminated water.

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“…In this 2-year study, there were no indications of an oncogenic effect of Trichloroethane in rats or mice. Barkley et al (1980) collected samples of human breath, blood, and urine from residents of the Old Love Canal area of Niagara Falls, New York. The samples were analyzed by GC-MS for the presence of several chlorinated hydrocarbons.…”

Section: Oralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Trichloroethane

2008

UITO

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Trichloroethane functions in cosmetics as a solvent. Although Trichloroethane has been reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in cosmetic products, an industry survey found that it is not in current use in the cosmetic industry. Trichloroethane is considered a Class I ozone-depleting substance by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its use is prohibited in the United States, unless considered essential. The FDA has stated that Trichloroethane's use in cosmetics is considered nonessential. Trichloroethane is detected by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas-liquid chromatography. In rats, Trichloroethane, whether inhaled or injected, is mostly expelled intact from the body through exhalation. A very small percentage is excreted in the urine. In humans, Trichloroethane is rapidly absorbed through the skin and eliminated in exhaled air and a very small percentage is excreted in urine. Inhaled Trichloroethane is eliminated in exhaled air. Acute oral LD(50) values have been reported as follows: 12.3 g/kg in male rats; 10.3 g/kg in female rats; 11.24 g/kg in female mice; 5.66 g/kg in female rabbits; and 9.47 g/kg in male guinea pigs. Acute toxicity studies using other routes of exposure, including subcutaneous injection and inhalation, produced no evidence of significant toxicity, except at very high exposure levels. Continuous inhalation exposure of rabbits to 750 mg/m(3) for 90 days did not produce any signs of toxicity. Continuous exposure of rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys to 500 ppm Trichloroethane for 6 months did not produce any signs of toxicity. Other short-term and subchronic inhalation exposures confirmed acute and short-term exposure findings that the toxic effects of inhalation were a function of both concentration and time. Rats receiving 750 or 1500 mg/kg day(- 1) Trichloroethane in corn oil by oral gavage 5 days per week for 78 weeks had reduced body weights and early mortality. Reduced body weights, decreased survival rates, and early mortality (in females) were found in mice dosed with 3000 or 6000 mg/kg day(- 1) (over the last 58 weeks; lower doses were administered for the first 20 weeks). Mice exposed to prolonged periods of Trichloroethane in an inhalation chamber had increased motor activity at levels up to 5000 ppm. Further increase of concentration of exposure resulted in less of an increase of motor activity until motor activity began to fall below normal at 10,000 ppm. Adverse effects on motor activity in rats were seen at exposures as low as 3000 ppm for 4 h. Rabbits had slight reddening and scaling after 10 24-h applications to abdominal skin of Trichloroethane mixed with 2.4% to 3.0% dioxane, and slight to moderate erythema, slight edema, and slight exfoliation was observed when 75% Trichloroethane and 25% tetrachloroethylene were applied to rabbit ears for 11 days. Undiluted Trichloroethane applied to the clipped backs of guinea pigs produced histopathologic damage in the epidermis. A primary irritation index of 5.22 (ou...

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Gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer analysis of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in man and his environment—a multimedia environmental study

Cited by 37 publications

References 5 publications

Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers.

Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers.

Breath Measurements as Volatile Organic Compound Biomarkers

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Trichloroethane

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