Abstract:In this laboratory teaching experiment, commercial cannabis
oils
were analyzed by undergraduate organic chemistry students using gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to investigate
three isomeric cannabinoids commonly found in cannabis products: cannabidiol
(CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC). The goal was to introduce GC–MS analysis through
the relevant topic of product quality inspection, frequently used
in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetic… Show more
“…To isolate these compounds, various methods such as chromatographic techniques have been employed. For instance, column chromatography has been employed to isolate bioactive compounds from plant extracts while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), FTIR and NMR have been used for the identification and characterization of these bioactive compounds (16). In the same vein, other techniques like computer-based tools called molecular docking have also been used nowadays to predict these bioactive compounds from plants with potential biological activities (17).…”
Ziziphus lotus Lam. is a medicinal plant that is used mostly in Nigeria and parts of Africa for treating many diseases. The study was aimed at assessing the phytoconstituents, evaluating antioxidant and nephroprotective activities against paracetamol-induced renal toxicity in rats and molecular docking analysis of leaf extract. Liquid-liquid partitioning was carried out for most active fraction while column chromatography was used for the isolation of bioactive compounds and analyzed by the GC-MS. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined using standard methods, antioxidant activity by DPPH (2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2’azinobis (3ethyl-benzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid) scavenging assays and nephroprotective activity was evaluated at various extract doses in rats. Molecular docking studies were carried out using AutoDock Vina software. The GC-MS profiling of the extract revealed the presence of 18 compounds with five compounds showing the strongest activities. Molecular docking studies of the most bioactive compounds predicted potential antioxidant and nephroprotective effects. The results further revealed a total phenolic content of 408.12 mg GAE/g and a flavonoid content of 88.01 mg QE/g. It also showed significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging at concentrations 0 to 800 µg/mL. There were significant abnormal increases in the biochemical parameters before the treatment of rats, and these increases were reduced significantly on administration of the leaf extract. Our study showed that Z. lotus extract possessed antioxidant activity and reversed kidney toxicity, thus, justifying its uses as an ethnomedicinal remedy for kidney problems.
“…To isolate these compounds, various methods such as chromatographic techniques have been employed. For instance, column chromatography has been employed to isolate bioactive compounds from plant extracts while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), FTIR and NMR have been used for the identification and characterization of these bioactive compounds (16). In the same vein, other techniques like computer-based tools called molecular docking have also been used nowadays to predict these bioactive compounds from plants with potential biological activities (17).…”
Ziziphus lotus Lam. is a medicinal plant that is used mostly in Nigeria and parts of Africa for treating many diseases. The study was aimed at assessing the phytoconstituents, evaluating antioxidant and nephroprotective activities against paracetamol-induced renal toxicity in rats and molecular docking analysis of leaf extract. Liquid-liquid partitioning was carried out for most active fraction while column chromatography was used for the isolation of bioactive compounds and analyzed by the GC-MS. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined using standard methods, antioxidant activity by DPPH (2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2’azinobis (3ethyl-benzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid) scavenging assays and nephroprotective activity was evaluated at various extract doses in rats. Molecular docking studies were carried out using AutoDock Vina software. The GC-MS profiling of the extract revealed the presence of 18 compounds with five compounds showing the strongest activities. Molecular docking studies of the most bioactive compounds predicted potential antioxidant and nephroprotective effects. The results further revealed a total phenolic content of 408.12 mg GAE/g and a flavonoid content of 88.01 mg QE/g. It also showed significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging at concentrations 0 to 800 µg/mL. There were significant abnormal increases in the biochemical parameters before the treatment of rats, and these increases were reduced significantly on administration of the leaf extract. Our study showed that Z. lotus extract possessed antioxidant activity and reversed kidney toxicity, thus, justifying its uses as an ethnomedicinal remedy for kidney problems.
“…The molecular structure of an organic compound is intrinsically related to its properties, making structural elucidation a vital aspect of chemical research and product development. As a result, many techniques are taught in undergraduate curricula for determining structures of organic compounds, such as MS, FTIR, and NMR. − These methods provide important structural information such as molecular formula and connectivity of atoms. However, the as-obtained molecular structures are, strictly speaking, speculative and may not always be reliable. − SC-XRD provides unambiguous and accurate 3D structural parameters and is the most reliable technique for molecular structure determination. , However, SC-XRD is intrinsically limited to molecules that are crystalline and, therefore, traditionally precludes the analysis of liquid compounds.…”
The crystalline sponge method allows for direct and precise molecular structure determination of liquid and gaseous targets and thus has been recognized as a revolutionary breakthrough in crystallography. To expose undergraduates to this cutting-edge technique, we have developed a comprehensive laboratory experiment with reaction conditions and characterizations systematically tailored for students to perform in a mild and accessible way. In this experiment, students investigate the preparation of networked complexes {[(ZnI 2 ) 3 (TPT) 2 ]•x(solvate)} n as crystalline sponges with benzonitrile, methyl salicylate, and (trifluoromethyoxy)benzene as solvent, respectively. Crystalline sponges obtained in benzonitrile were exposed to solvent exchange in cyclohexane to afford {[(ZnI 2 ) 3 (TPT) 2 ]•x(cyclohexane)} n , and the progress was monitored by IR and GC-MS. All four crystals were evaluated under a microscope and subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) analysis. The students are provided with the opportunity to learn about scientific software, such as SHELX, Olex2, and Mercury, and carry out structure analysis and visual representation of the sponges and liquid molecules. Moreover, hierarchical experiments have been designed to provide flexibility to students and best fit their individual needs and resources. The experiment has been carried out for three semesters in our school. It may refresh students' understanding of crystallography and help them excel in future endeavors especially like synthetic chemistry, pharmaceutical R&D, etc.
The supramolecular hydrogen‐bonded self‐assembled resorcinarene hexameric capsule promotes the ring closing isomerization of cannabidiol through encapsulation of the intermediate carbocation species formed by protonation with HCl. The confinement effect imparted by the capsule steers product selectivity towards the uncommon products D8‐iso‐THC, D4(8)‐iso‐THC, together with the hydrated 8‐hydroxy‐iso‐HHC
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