Gas Chromatographic Determination of Hydrolyzed Sugars in Commercial Gums

Al-Hazmi, Mohammed; Stauffer, K. R.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb11247.x

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…These results agree with those of Whistler (1973) but conflict with the results of Al-Hazmi and Stauffer (1986). Al-Hazmi and Stauffer (1986) reported glucose and mannose as major sugar components in gum tragacanth. Gum tragacanth is known to contain small amounts of cellulose and starch (Whistler, 1973).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (GLC) has been used to determine neutral sugars after conversion to volatile trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives (Li et al, 1983), TMS-oxime derivatives (Al-Hazmi and Stauffer, 1986;Long and Chism, 1987), alditol acetate derivatives (Lehrfeld 1981;Blakeney et al, 1983) or aldononitrile derivatives (Guerrant and Moss, 1984). Recently, Al-Hazmi and Stauffer (1986) reported a gas chromotographic method for separating sugars in gums, but the uranic acids were analyzed using other techniques. A supplemental spectrophotometric method (Selvendran et al, 1979) or a differential GLC method (Lehrfeld, 1981) has been used to determine uranic acids in polysaccharides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous Determination of Neutral Sugars and Uronic Acids in Hydrocolloids

Thomas

1988

Journal of Food Science

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An improved gas-chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of neutral sugars and uranic acids in hydrocolloids or industrial gums was developed. The procedure involved methanolysis with OSM methanolic HCl followed by trimethylsilylation. This method was simplified over other deri,/atization methods to make it suitable for the routine analysis of hydrocolloids or other polysaccharides which contain uranic acids. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by analysis of commercially available hydrocolloids. The described method was sensitive enough to identify some of the minor sugar components which were not easily identified by other derivatization methods.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of Neutral Sugars and Uronic Acids in Hydrocolloids

Thomas

1988

Journal of Food Science

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“…The other two were either not mixed with a gum or the material was too degraded to be detected using this method. The presence of fucose suggests that the gum is tragacanth, obtained from the roots of Astragalus sp., but the presence of mannose points to a fruit gum, although mannose has been reported in tragacanth gum by one study 26,29,30 . Astragalus sp.…”

Section: Results -mentioning

confidence: 90%

Bitumen from the Dead Sea in Early Iron Age Nubia

Fulcher

Stacey

Spencer

2020

Sci Rep

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Bitumen has been identified for the first time in Egyptian occupied Nubia, from within the town of Amara West, occupied from around 1300 to 1050 BC. The bitumen can be sourced to the Dead Sea using biomarkers, evidencing a trade in this material from the eastern Mediterranean to Nubia in the New Kingdom or its immediate aftermath. Two different end uses for bitumen were determined at the site. Ground bitumen was identified in several paint palettes, and in one case can be shown to have been mixed with plant gum, which indicates the use of bitumen as a ground pigment. Bitumen was also identified as a component of a friable black solid excavated from a tomb, and a black substance applied to the surface of a painted and plastered coffin fragment. Both contained plant resin, indicating that this substance was probably applied as a ritual funerary liquid, a practice identified from this time period in Egypt. The use of this ritual, at a far remove from the royal Egyptian burial sites at Thebes, indicates the importance of this ritual as a component of the funeral, and the value attributed to the material components of the black liquid. Black materials were excavated from different contexts in the pharaonic town of Amara West in Upper Nubia, dating from around 1300 to 1050 BC (19th-20th dynasties), and its cemeteries (1250-800 BC). The materials were of three types: black paints on ceramic sherds used as palettes; a black coating on a coffin plaster fragment; and a black friable material excavated from a tomb. Considering a group of contextually different black materials from a single site together offers an opportunity to understand the cultural and practical preferences for the choice of materials used to make black substances, and in which contexts they might be applied. Molecular analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the components of the different materials using three separate methods. Identifying the components allows the ingredients of the black substances to be connected to their end uses both in practical and symbolic terms. Amara West. Amara West lies between the Second and Third Nile Cataracts, in the heart of Nubia, a region that stretched from Aswan in southern Egypt southwards to the Sixth Nile Cataract 1 (Fig. 1). This region was intermittently occupied by pharaonic Egypt in the third and second millennium BC; during the New Kingdom (c. 1548-1086 BC), pharaonic towns were founded to control and administer resource extraction 2. First excavated by the Egypt Exploration Society between 1939 and 1950 3 , fieldwork was then undertaken at Amara West by the British Museum from 2008 to 2019 4-6. The town, founded around 1300BC (on the basis of inscriptional evidence), comprised a sandstone temple, a governor's residence, storage facilities, and housing, set within a 108 m square enclosure wall 2 (Fig. 1). From the late 19th Dynasty residents of the town began to build larger and more spacious houses outside the town wall, an area designated by the excavators as the "w...

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“…This combination of mild acid degradation, monosaccharide derivatization, and subsequent separation by GC can be used for the analysis of carrageenans, as well as many other industrial gums (Al-Hazmi & Staufer, 1986;Clingman, Nunn, & Stephen, 1957;Lawrence & Iyengar, 1985). The hydrolysis of gum samples can be performed using 0.5 M trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) for 4 h at 100°C, followed by a two step derivatization procedure to aldonitrile acetates.…”

Section: Gas Chromatography (Gc) and High-performance Liquid Chromatomentioning

confidence: 99%