Gas and Liquid Phase Imaging of Foam Flow Using Pure Phase Encode Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive and non-optical measurement technique, which makes it a promising method for studying delicate and opaque samples, such as foam. Another key benefit of MRI is its sensitivity to different nuclei in a sample. The research presented in this article focuses on the use of MRI to measure density and velocity of foam as it passes through a pipe constriction. The foam was created by bubbling fluorinated gas through an aqueous solution. This allowed for the liquid and gas phases to be measured separately by probing the 1H and 19F behavior of the same foam. Density images and velocity maps of the gas and liquid phases of foam flowing through a pipe constriction are presented. In addition, results of computational fluid dynamics simulations of foam flow in the pipe constriction are compared with experimental results.

Prospects and Challenges for the Spatial Quantification of the Diffusion of Fluids Containing 1H in the Pore System of Rock Cores

“…At present, the simplest development path in this area seems to be the use of the existing imaging sequences in magnetic fields of 0.1–0.2 T (∼10–20 MHz for 1 H), which will allow the use of very short TE echo times. Natural candidates here are the SPI or SPRITE (Adair et al., 2021) sequences, or the relatively new ZTE (Weiger & Pruessmann, 2019; Węglarz et al., 2016, 2018), which currently do not have a diffusion‐weighted versions. Therefore, traditional SE or STE sequences with the use of strong gradient amplifiers might be an option (Cotts et al., 1989).…”

“…requires technological development. It seems possible in the light of theoretical works (Borkowski & Krzyżak, 2018) and the current state of the art, sequences of the SPI (Adair et al, 2021) and ZTE (Fheed et al, 2018;Weiger & Pruessmann, 2019;Węglarz et al, 2016Węglarz et al, , 2018 types. However, it requires further theoretical and experimental efforts.…”

“…Natural candidates here are the SPI or SPRITE (Adair et al, 2021) sequences, or the relatively new ZTE (Weiger & Pruessmann, 2019;Węglarz et al, 2016Węglarz et al, , 2018, which currently do not have a diffusion-weighted versions. Therefore, traditional SE or STE sequences with the use of strong gradient amplifiers might be an option (Cotts et al, 1989).…”

Laminar flow characterization using low-field magnetic resonance techniques

“…MRI-based methods for measuring flows are based on the application of magnetic field gradients, including frequency-, phase-, and motion-encoding gradients, to yield quantitative information about velocity distributions of the flowing fluid [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. There are also some modified MRI-based methods that only use one type of gradient [16][17][18][19]. MRI-based methods, resolving flow velocity profiles, have been used to measure various types of flows, for example laminar flow [14,15,20], turbulence [21][22][23][24], and flow in porous media [25][26][27].…”