Garlic (A. sativum L.) alliinase gene family polymorphism reflects bolting types and cysteine sulphoxides content

Abstract

BackgroundAlliinase is an important enzyme occurring in Allium species that converts precursors of sulfuric compounds, cysteine sulfoxides into a biologically active substance termed allicin. Allicin facilitates garlic defense against pests and produces health-promoting compounds. Alliinase is encoded by members of a multigene family that has not yet been sufficiently characterized, namely with regard to the copy numbers occurring within the genome and the polymorphisms among the family members.ResultsWe cloned 45 full-length alliinase amplicons of cultivar (cv.) Jovan. Sequence analyses revealed nine different sequence variants (SVs), confirming the multilocus nature of this gene family. Several mutations in exons, mainly occurring in the first exon coding for vacuolar signal peptide, were found. These results enabled us to identify sequences with putatively modified vacuole-targeting abilities. We found additional sequence variants using partial amplicons. We estimated that the minimum number of gene copies in the diploid genome of the investigated cultivar was fourteen. We obtained similar results for another three cultivars, which differed in bolting type and place of origin. The further identification of high degree of polymorphisms in the intron regions allowed us to develop a specific polymerase chain reaction assay capable to capture intron length polymorphism (ILP). This assay was used to screen 131 additional accessions. Polymorphic data were used for cluster analysis, which separated the bolting and non-bolting garlic types and those with high cysteine-sulfoxide contents in a similar way as AFLP analysis in previous study. These newly developed markers can be further applied for the selection of desirable garlic genotypes.ConclusionsDetailed analysis of sequences confirmed multigenic nature of garlic alliinase. Intron and exon polymorphism analysis generated similar results as whole genome variability assessed previously by AFLP. Detected polymorphism is thus also associated with cysteine-sulphoxide content in individual genotypes. ILP markers capable to detect intron polymorphisms were newly developed. Developed markers could be applied in garlic breeding. Higher genetic variability found in bolting genotypes may indicates longer period of their sexual propagation in comparison with nonbolting genotypes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0214-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Physicochemical changes and sensorial properties during black garlic elaboration: A review

“…Another important change produced during BG production is related to the pungency typical characteristic of raw garlic and is attributed to allicin which is responsible for the unpleasant flavour and odour in the garlic cloves (Bae, Cho, Won, Lee & Park, 2012;Ovesná et al, 2015;Rana et al, 2011). However, as it was mentioned in section 2.1, when garlic is subjected to heat treatment above 60 °C alliinase is inactivated and allicin production decreases between 75 and 95% diminishing the pungency compounds in BG (Lawson et al, 2001;Zhang et al, 2016;Chen et al, 2017).…”

“…In whole raw garlic, the enzyme alliinase is localised in vacuoles, separated from its substrate alliin; therefore when garlic is damaged (i.e. contaminated by microbes, mechanically disrupted, ground) and the vacuoles are disrupted, alliinase is released and rapidly hydrolyses alliin to produce allicin which is responsible for the unpleasant flavour and odour of the garlic cloves (Bae et al, 2014;Ovesná, Mitrová & Kučera, 2015;Rana, Pal, Vaiphei, Sharma & Ola, 2011). However, when garlic is subjected to heat treatment above 60 °C, alliinase is inactivated and allicin production decreases; in parallel, alliin and allicin suffer thermal degradation (Chen, Xu, Wang, Zhou, Fan, & Huang, 2017;Lawson, Wang & Papadimitriou, 2001).…”

Genetic diversity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) germplasm from China by fluorescent‐based AFLP, SSR and InDel markers

“…Due to the limited genome information available for garlic, AFLP, ISSR and SSR markers are most applicable to analysis of garlic diversity. To eliminate some of these complications, isozyme, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), simple sequence repeat (SSR) and insertion-deletion (InDel) markers have been utilized to reveal genetic diversity in garlic germplasm (Al-Zahim et al 1997, 1999, Ipek et al 2003, Lampasona et al 2003, Jabbes et al 2011, Ovesn a et al 2015, Havey and Ahn 2016, Hirata et al 2016. Recently, SSRs were developed based on transcriptome sequences and successfully used to assess the diversity of garlic germplasm (Ma et al 2009, Zhao et al 2011).…”

Role of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes mellitus: a review

“…Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, belongs to the Allium genus in the family Alliaceae that are known to contain a high concentration of non-protein sulfur amino acids that are responsible for their medicinal features (Ovesná et al 2015). Administration of A. sativum extract along with the commercially available drug glibenclamide resulted in increased weight and exhibited better hypoglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (Poonam et al 2013).…”