Garcinia subelliptica (Fukugi): A Multi-purpose Coastal Tree with Promising Medicinal Properties

Inoue, Tomomi; Kainuma, Mami; Baba, Karin; Oshiro, Nozomi; Kimura, Norimi; Chan, Eric Wei Chiang

doi:10.5455/jice.20161229060034

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…G. subelliptica Merr. has been known to contain various chemical constituents regulating bacterial infection, inflammation, and cancer [ 2 ]. For example, garcinielliptones were reported to inhibit the release of β-glucuronidase and lysozyme [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ethanol extract of Garcinia subelliptica Merr. induces autophagy

Kim

Lee

et al. 2021

BMC Complement Med Ther

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Background Garcinia subelliptica Merr. is a multipurpose coastal tree, the potential medicinal effects of which have been studied, including cancer suppression. Here, we present evidence that the ethanol extract of G. subelliptica Merr. (eGSM) induces autophagy in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methods Two different human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, A549 and SNU2292, were treated with varying amounts of eGSM. Cytotoxicity elicited by eGSM was assessed by MTT assay and PARP degradation. Autophagy in A549 and SNU2292 was determined by western blotting for AMPK, mTOR, ULK1, and LC3. Genetic deletion of AMPKα in HEK293 cells was carried out by CRISPR. Results eGSM elicited cytotoxicity, but not apoptosis, in A549 and SNU2292 cells. eGSM increased LC3-II production in both A549 and, more extensively, SNU2292, suggesting that eGSM induces autophagy. In A549, eGSM activated AMPK, an essential autophagy activator, but not suppressed mTOR, an autophagy blocker, suggesting that eGSM induces autophagy by primarily activating the AMPK pathway in A549. By contrast, eGSM suppressed mTOR activity without activating AMPK in SNU2292, suggesting that eGSM induces autophagy by mainly suppressing mTOR in SNU2292. In HEK293 cells lacking AMPKα expression, eGSM increased LC3-II production, confirming that the autophagy induced by eGSM can occur without the AMPK pathway. Conclusion Our findings suggest that eGSM induces autophagy by activating AMPK or suppressing mTOR pathways, depending on cell types.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ethanol extract of Garcinia subelliptica Merr. induces autophagy

Kim

Lee

et al. 2021

BMC Complement Med Ther

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“…Several active chemical compounds have been discovered in the fruit, seed, leaf, wood, bark, and roots of Fukugi trees. The major compounds contained within G. subelliptica are benzophenone, xanthones, bi avonoids, and triterpenoids [9]. Fukuyama et al [10] isolated Garsubellin A from the wood of G. subelliptica.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and utilization of homestead windbreak Fukugi (Garcinia subelliptica Merr.) trees: An ethnobotanical approach

Chen

Akamine

2021

Preprint

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Background: Garcinia subelliptica (Fukugi in Japanese) is an evergreen tropical tree, first identified in Batanes, the Philippines, which has been planted as a homestead windbreak and in coastal forests extensively on the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. This article focuses on the traditional uses and cultural values of Fukugi trees and provides ethnobotanical information for the conservation scheme of this important tree species.Methods: A combination of ecological and ethnobotanical approaches was applied in this study. Extensive field surveys were conducted to collect dimensions of relatively large trees, and in-depth interviews with the village leaders and knowledgeable persons were conducted to collect ethnobotanical data. Results: Fukugi trees have been primarily planted as homestead or farmland windbreaks. Timber was harvested during difficult times, for example, after WWII, and used for recreational purposes for children or farmers. The fruits were also eaten on some remote islands. Old-growth Fukugi trees are widely found in sacred sites, within cities, and as symbolic trees. The older generations respect Fukugi trees; however, the cultural significance valued by older generation seems to be lacking in the younger generation. We argue that Fukugi is a cultural keystone species in Okinawa, which underpins Ryukyu culture and has transformed islands into a pleasant land, a unique place, and shared identity for the community.Conclusions: Fukugi windbreaks provide significant ecosystem services, such as biodiversity in the forest, reducing soil erosion, and spiritual and cultural values. A combination of biophysical environment, as well as tradition and custom, has played an essential role in tree species selection for windbreaks. The positive impacts that anthropogenic activities have had on the sustainability of woody species, namely, the active utilization of tree species, may have enabled the species to sustain. Strategies for protecting old-growth Fukugi trees, in addition to restoration of damaged trees, are needed to improve the sustainable management of Fukugi trees in Okinawa.

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“…In addition, biflavonoids have been isolated from its leaves, and triterpenoids have been isolated from its leaves and fruits. Several compounds have been demonstrated to show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities in some human cancer cell lines [ 12 ]. In this study, we screened a collection of plant extracts native to Iriomote Island, Japan, and found that methanol extracts of G. subelliptica leaves were cytotoxic against both human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells and human acute T cell leukemia Jurkat cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Garcinielliptone G from Garcinia subelliptica Induces Apoptosis in Acute Leukemia Cells

et al. 2021

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Cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing properties of compounds isolated from Garcinia subelliptica leaves were investigated. The hexane-soluble portion of MeOH extracts of G. subelliptica leaves that showed cytotoxic activity was separated to yield seven compounds 1−7. Chemical structure analysis using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry confirmed that compound 1 was canophyllol, and compounds 2–7 were garcinielliptones N, O, J, G, F, and garcinielliptin oxide, respectively. Among them, garcinielliptone G (5) showed growth inhibition by causing apoptosis in THP-1 and Jurkat cells derived from human acute monocytic leukemia and T lymphocyte cells, respectively. Apoptosis induced by garcinielliptone G (5) was demonstrated by the detection of early apoptotic cells with fluorescein-labeled Annexin V and increases in cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP protein levels. However, the addition of caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK did not affect growth arrest or apoptosis induction. These results suggest that garcinielliptone G (5) can induce both caspase-3 activation and caspase-independent apoptosis. Therefore, garcinielliptone G (5) may be a potential candidate for acute leukemia treatment.

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Garcinia subelliptica (Fukugi): A Multi-purpose Coastal Tree with Promising Medicinal Properties

Cited by 16 publications

References 43 publications

The ethanol extract of Garcinia subelliptica Merr. induces autophagy

The ethanol extract of Garcinia subelliptica Merr. induces autophagy

Distribution and utilization of homestead windbreak Fukugi (Garcinia subelliptica Merr.) trees: An ethnobotanical approach

Garcinielliptone G from Garcinia subelliptica Induces Apoptosis in Acute Leukemia Cells

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