Garavellite and associated sulphosalts from the Strieborná vein in the Rožňava ore field (Western Carpathians)

Abstract

The article presents the first description of a complete and continuous series from berthierite to garavellite sulphosalts in the Western Carpathians. Berthierite is a common main or accessory phase of Sb mineralizations in the Western Carpathians, and occurs at many localities and ore deposits as well. On the other side, garavellite or Bi-rich berthierite is a relatively rare accessory phase. The highest Bi content in garavellite reaches up to 38.04 wt. % which represents 0.90 apfu, and its crystallochemical formula can be written as Fe0.97Sb1.07Bi0.90S3.98. Raman band shifts were observed in the isomorphic berthierite–garavellite series. Garavellite occurs in the younger stages of sulphidic mineralization, and associates with tetrahedrite, berthierite, Bi-chalcostibite, Sb-bismuthinite, Bi-stibnite, ullmanite and cinnabarite. It creates irregular grains and veinlets in pre-existing tetrahedrite, or forms myrmekite intergrowths with chalcopyrite in tetrahedrite. Bi content in chalcostibite is up to 0.20 apfu. Besides the tetrahedrite, pre-existing sulphosalts are the members of the tintinaite–kobellite series, Bi-jamesonite and bournonite. The Sb/(Sb+Bi) ratio of minerals of the tintinaite–kobellite series varies from 0.37 to 0.80. The maximum content of Bi in jamesonite is up to 1.22 apfu. A vertical zonation at the ore vein body (mining levels 6 / 180 a.s.l., 8 / 80 a.s.l., 10 / 20 b.s.l.) is represented by the Sb decrease along with the Bi increase with increasing depth. Bi content continuously decreases during the older ore mineralization stage and Sb increases at the younger mineralization stage. Both of the stages have been enriched by Sb as well.

Bismuth, lead-bismuth and lead-antimony sulfosalts from the granite-hosted hydrothermal quartz veins at the Elisabeth mine, Gemerská Poloma, Spišsko-gemerské rudohorie Mts., Slovakia

“…7a). Furthermore, the 1.65 to 2.10 apfu, with an average of 1.95 apfu, close to the ideal value of 2 apfu (e.g., Zakrzewski and Makovicky 1986;Moëlo et al 1995;Wagner and Johnsson 2001;Pršek et al 2008;Mikuš et al 2018). The maximum content of Ag substituting for Pb (Fig.…”

Boudinage arrangement tracking of hydrothermal veins in the shear zone: example from the argentiferous Strieborna vein (Western Carpathians)

“…The origin of argentiferous Strieborna vein of the Rožňava ore field located at the southwestern margin of the Early Paleozoic basement of the Gemeric belt closely relates to the Early Cretaceous tectonometamorphic evo- 14 Six evolutionary stages of the Strieborna vein formation reflecting interplay between mineralization and deformation processes. Mineralization phases (red colour -active) precipitated and deformed gradually either throughout the TGSZ sequential shortening or vertical stretching (Sasvári and Maťo 1998;Mikuš et al 2018). The vein boudinage deformations run across three successive stages.…”

“…Structural data indicate that the process of the Strieborna vein boudinage closely related to the strike-slip activity of the mentioned fault sets. The Strieborna vein and the Čučma stibnite vein recline at the same NNE-SSW fault structure and they contain the same mineral associations of the quartz-sulphidic phase (Grecula et al 1995;Sasvári and Maťo 1998;Mikuš et al 2018). They probably underwent a similar hydrothermal evolution during the final steps of vein formation.…”

“…12) Fig. 11 Successive scheme of the Strieborna vein hydrothermal mineralization with prevailing deformation processes (according to Sasvári and Maťo 1998;Mikuš et al 2018). (Fig.…”

New data on sulfosalts from the hydrothermal siderite-type veins in the Spišsko-gemerské rudohorie Mts. (eastern Slovakia): 5. Minerals of the kobellite-tintinaite series from the Majerská dolina ore occurrence near Čučma

“…Abundant presence of minerals of tetrahedrite-tennantite series (especially Fe, Zn and locally also Hg dominant members) is very typical feature of the siderite-type veins (e.g. Bernard 1958Bernard , 1961Varček 1957Varček , 1959Varček , 1960Novák 1959Novák , 1967Trdlička 1967;Háber 1980;Cambel et al 1985;Peterec 1990;Miškovic 1991;Háber et al 1993;Grecula et al 1995;Antal 2002a, b;Pršek 2008;Pršek, Biroň 2007;Pršek, Lauko 2009;Števko et al 2015;Mikuš et al 2018;Peterec 2019;Števko, Sejkora 2020;Števko et al 2022b). Various Bi sulfosalts are also quite common, especially minerals of the bismuthinite-aikinite series (e.g.…”