Gaps in Knowledge Relevant to the “Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz–100 kHz)”

doi:10.1097/hp.0000000000001261

Cited by 58 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 254 publications

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“…Another limitation is that the experimental threshold evaluation is difficult across the frequency range, and in vivo measurement of the electric field in millimeter resolution cannot be conducted. For these reasons, the simulation method is commonly used [ 11 ]. In addition, to understand the stimulation from the external field, the multi-scale simulation, i.e., the electromagnetics and neuron model, is needed, as is listed in the research agenda of the IEEE ICES [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, to understand the stimulation from the external field, the multi-scale simulation, i.e., the electromagnetics and neuron model, is needed, as is listed in the research agenda of the IEEE ICES [ 12 ]. In addition, ICNIRP recommended that excitation modeling and threshold assessment be conducted to improve the accuracy of restrictions [ 11 ]. These recommendations and computational advances in incorporating neurons into realistic human models [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ] motivate revisiting the current protection limits of the standard and guidelines and provide rationality of the applied reduction factors as safety margins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Peripheral Electrostimulation Thresholds in Human Model for Uniform Magnetic Field Exposure

Suzuki

Gómez-Tames

Diao

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The external field strength according to the international guidelines and standards for human protection are derived to prevent peripheral nerve system pain at frequencies from 300–750 Hz to 1 MHz. In this frequency range, the stimulation is attributable to axon electrostimulation. One limitation in the current international guidelines is the lack of respective stimulation thresholds in the brain and peripheral nervous system from in vivo human measurements over a wide frequency range. This study investigates peripheral stimulation thresholds using a multi-scale computation based on a human anatomical model for uniform exposure. The nerve parameters are first adjusted from the measured data to fit the peripheral nerve in the trunk. From the parameters, the external magnetic field strength to stimulate the nerve was estimated. Here, the conservativeness of protection limits of the international guidelines and standards for peripheral stimulation was confirmed. The results showed a margin factor of 4–6 and 10–24 times between internal and external protection limits of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standard (IEEE C95.1) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines, with the computed pain thresholds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Peripheral Electrostimulation Thresholds in Human Model for Uniform Magnetic Field Exposure

Suzuki

Gómez-Tames

Diao

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The above frequency bands are enshrined in relevant regulations issued by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) [8]; in these documents, however, the boundary values of the amplitudes are markedly higher, such as the 50 mT in B lim . The value defines the maximum change of the magnetic flux within a field having the frequency of f = 1 Hz, assuming the presence of persons in this type of environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Psychophysiology Is Influenced by Low-Level Magnetic Fields: Solar Activity as the Cause

et al. 2021

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We evaluate the impact of changes in solar activity on three significant human psychophysiological parameters: skin conductance, electromyography (EMG), and the share of abdominal and diaphragmatic breathing in overall ventilation. Variations affecting human psychophysiology due to changes in solar activity directly document the assertion that psychology, behavior, and decision-making all reflect geomagnetic field alterations that stem from variable solar activity. The relevant experiments showed that solar processes, during which the Earth is exposed to electrically charged particles from the Sun (solar wind), exert an impact on the psychophysiological parameters of the body.

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“…Although the principle operation of the WPTS using inductive/capacitive coupling involves the generation of strong electromagnetic fields, these magnetic fields may cause diseases in humans. For such cases, the European Council of Recommendation (ECR) recommended that magnetic fields should be less than 5 µT at a resonant frequency of less than 100 kHz [4]. For operation of WPTSs, a transmitter device is used to generate a time-varying electromagnetic field to transmit power to a receiving-end device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Adaptive Current Limiting Controller for a Wireless Power Transmission System Energized by a PV Generator

2020

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The use of a wireless power transmission system (WPTS) in modern applications, such as consumer electronics, renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs), can significantly increase the safety and convenience of the power supply. However, low efficiency is a major hurdle to the use of a WPTS in these applications. In this article, an adaptive virtual impedance controller (AVIC) is presented to enhance the wireless power transfer (WPT) efficiency of a photovoltaic generator (PVG) to the load. In the proposed controller, a unique method is employed to adaptively estimate the coefficient of coupling and resonant frequency of the WPTS coils as a function of the distance between the coils. Moreover, a modified incremental conductance (IC) based maximum power tracking (MIC-MPPT) technique is presented to operate the PVG at MPPT mode. The proposed MIC-MPPT is tested via a hardware prototype and the controller validation is carried out in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various uncertainties, such as intermittent irradiance, variable load, and the distance between transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) coils. Finally, a comparative analysis between the proposed controller and the conventional non-adaptive and adaptive resonant frequency controller is presented which confirms the superiority of the proposed controller.

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Gaps in Knowledge Relevant to the “Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz–100 kHz)”

Abstract: The main frequencies in the ELF frequency range are 50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in North America. The RF and lower microwave frequencies are of particular interest for broadcasting, and mobile telephony. The 2.45 GHz frequency is mainly used in domestic and industrial microwave ovens.

Cited by 58 publications

References 254 publications

Evaluation of Peripheral Electrostimulation Thresholds in Human Model for Uniform Magnetic Field Exposure

Evaluation of Peripheral Electrostimulation Thresholds in Human Model for Uniform Magnetic Field Exposure

Human Psychophysiology Is Influenced by Low-Level Magnetic Fields: Solar Activity as the Cause

An Adaptive Current Limiting Controller for a Wireless Power Transmission System Energized by a PV Generator

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