Gap-Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex (GPIAS) for Tinnitus Assessment: Current Status and Future Directions

Galazyuk, Alexander V.; Hébert, Sylvie

doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00088

Cited by 86 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…This percentage of T+ animals fits within the range of other studies that report between 30% and 75% rates of tinnitus among animals tested (see Galzyuk and Hébert, 2015). The T+ group ( n = 6) showed a non-significant, although close ( p = 0.053), GPIAS deficit at 16 kHz, whereas the T− group ( n = 10) did not show deficits at any frequencies, and in fact showed non-significant improvements in high frequency gap detection following AOE (Figure 1).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Six of 16 mice developed significant gap detection deficits at frequencies between 12.5 and 25 kHz. Since gap detection deficits have been associated with tinnitus (see Galzyuk and Hébert, 2015), these mice constituted the T+ group. The remaining 10 mice did not show gap detection deficits and they were considered as T−.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our study animals were exposed to a 12.5 kHz octave band noise for 1 h presented unilaterally at 116 dB SPL. Unfortunately, nearly every hearing loss/tinnitus study has adapted unique sound exposure parameters, leading to possible differential exposure effects (Galzyuk and Hébert, 2015). Thus, direct comparisons between studies are extremely tenuous, especially considering the difficulty of tinnitus assessment and internal confounds arising from various levels of hearing loss resulting from sound exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variable Effects of Acoustic Trauma on Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Tinnitus In Individual Animals

Longenecker

Galazyuk

2016

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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The etiology of tinnitus is known to be diverse in the human population. An appropriate animal model of tinnitus should incorporate this pathological diversity. Previous studies evaluating the effect of acoustic over exposure (AOE) have found that animals typically display increased spontaneous firing rates and bursting activity of auditory neurons, which often has been linked to behavioral evidence of tinnitus. However, only a subset of studies directly associated these neural correlates to individual animals. Furthermore, the vast majority of tinnitus studies were conducted on anesthetized animals. The goal of this study was to test for a possible relationship between tinnitus, hearing loss, hyperactivity and bursting activity in the auditory system of individual unanesthetized animals following AOE. Sixteen mice were unilaterally exposed to 116 dB SPL narrowband noise (centered at 12.5 kHz) for 1 h under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. Gap-induced prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (GPIAS) was used to assess behavioral evidence of tinnitus whereas hearing performance was evaluated by measurements of auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds and prepulse inhibition PPI audiometry. Following behavioral assessments, single neuron firing activity was recorded from the inferior colliculus (IC) of four awake animals and compared to recordings from four unexposed controls. We found that AOE increased spontaneous activity in all mice tested, independently of tinnitus behavior or severity of threshold shifts. Bursting activity did not increase in two animals identified as tinnitus positive (T+), but did so in a tinnitus negative (T−) animal with severe hearing loss (SHL). Hyperactivity does not appear to be a reliable biomarker of tinnitus. Our data suggest that multidisciplinary assessments on individual animals following AOE could offer a powerful experimental tool to investigate mechanisms of tinnitus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variable Effects of Acoustic Trauma on Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Tinnitus In Individual Animals

Longenecker

Galazyuk

2016

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…Many animal studies using GPIAS and other models of tinnitus have used noise-exposure levels that induce TTS not PTS, so that functional hearing is preserved. While the validity of animal models is not without challenge [35–37], an increasing number of studies are demonstrating the usefulness of these procedures by providing consistent neurophysiological patterns in animals that express behavioral evidence of tinnitus as compared to those that do not, when all animals have been treated similarly. The findings give greater assurance that neural changes are being measured that are inextricably related to tinnitus, and that the changes can be differentiated from those that may relate only to hearing loss or hyperacusis.…”

Section: Properties Of Tinnitus Related To Audiometric Hearing Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maladaptive plasticity in tinnitus — triggers, mechanisms and treatment

2016

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Tinnitus is a phantom auditory sensation that reduces quality of life for millions worldwide and for which there is no medical cure. Most cases are associated with hearing loss caused by the aging process or noise exposure. Because exposure to loud recreational sound is common among youthful populations, young persons are at increasing risk. Head or neck injuries can also trigger the development of tinnitus, as altered somatosensory input can affect auditory pathways and lead to tinnitus or modulate its intensity. Emotional and attentional state may play a role in tinnitus development and maintenance via top-down mechanisms. Thus, military in combat are particularly at risk due to combined hearing loss, somatosensory system disturbances and emotional stress. Neuroscience research has identified neural changes related to tinnitus that commence at the cochlear nucleus and extend to the auditory cortex and brain regions beyond. Maladaptive neural plasticity appears to underlie these neural changes, as it results in increased spontaneous firing rates and synchrony among neurons in central auditory structures that may generate the phantom percept. This review highlights the links between animal and human studies, including several therapeutic approaches that have been developed, which aim to target the neuroplastic changes underlying tinnitus.

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“…If tinnitus does not fill in the gap, is the GPIAS method flawed beyond redemption or simply in need of revision (Berger et al, 2013;Lobarinas et al, 2013;Galazyuk and Hebert, 2015)? Human studies have pointed out that a major limitation with the procedure is the potential for false-negative screening errors.…”

Section: Future Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Reliability of Tinnitus Screening in Laboratory Animals

Jones

May

2016

JARO

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Behavioral screening remains a contentious issue for animal studies of tinnitus. Most paradigms base a positive tinnitus test on an animal's natural tendency to respond to the Bsound^of tinnitus as if it were an actual sound. As a result, animals with tinnitus are expected to display soundconditioned behaviors when no sound is present or to miss gaps in background sounds because tinnitus Bfills in the gap.^Reliable confirmation of the behavioral indications of tinnitus can be problematic because the reinforcement contingencies of conventional discrimination tasks break down an animal's tendency to group tinnitus with sound. When responses in silence are rewarded, animals respond in silence regardless of their tinnitus status. When responses in silence are punished, animals stop responding. This study introduces stimulus classification as an alternative approach to tinnitus screening. Classification procedures train animals to respond to the common perceptual features that define a group of sounds (e.g., high pitch or narrow bandwidth). Our procedure trains animals to drink when they hear tinnitus and to suppress drinking when they hear other sounds. Animals with tinnitus are revealed by their tendency to drink in the presence of unreinforced probe sounds that share the perceptual features of the tinnitus classification. The advantages of this approach are illustrated by taking laboratory rats through a testing sequence that includes classification training, the experimental induction of tinnitus, and postinduction screening. Behavioral indications of tinnitus are interpreted and then verified by simulating a known tinnitus percept with objective sounds.

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Gap-Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex (GPIAS) for Tinnitus Assessment: Current Status and Future Directions

Cited by 86 publications

References 70 publications

Variable Effects of Acoustic Trauma on Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Tinnitus In Individual Animals

Variable Effects of Acoustic Trauma on Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Tinnitus In Individual Animals

Maladaptive plasticity in tinnitus — triggers, mechanisms and treatment

Improving the Reliability of Tinnitus Screening in Laboratory Animals

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