“…In the early stage, blood glucose monitoring is the preferred method for diabetes diagnosis, but a definite diagnosis cannot be obtained until the level of blood glucose is obviously out of the normal range. At present, the glucose detection technologies include colorimetric, mass spectroscopic, plasmonic, − electrochemical, photoelectrochemical (PEC), , surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and other methods . Among them, mass spectroscopic and surface-enhanced Raman scattering methods are usually regarded as the precise ones, while a complex device is required, and the detectable concentration range is relatively small; colorimetric and plasmonic methods are based on the optical spectrum change, and the selectivity is commonly not satisfactory; an electrochemical method is most widely used for commercial applications, while an external bias is required and the detection of limit is relatively large.…”