“…In particular, the role of neighborhood levels of concentrated disadvantage has been a focus of recent work as poverty has been associated with a decreased presence and quality of institutions in the community (Sampson, Raudenbush, & Earls, 1997), reduced treatment services, and a decline in labor market opportunities (Sampson, Morenoff, & Gannon-Rowley, 2002;Wilson, 1997). Moreover, Kubrin and Stewart's (2006) examination, conducted with a sample of male and female probationers and parolees, suggests a strong, positive relationship between disadvantage and recidivism; however, recent analyses of male prison release cohorts have not replicated this relationship (Huebner, Varano, & Bynum, 2007;Mears, Wang, Hay, & Bales, 2008) nor has this type of work been conducted with female-only sample of parolees.…”