Ganglion cell axon pathfinding in the retina and optic nerve

Oster, Stephen F.; Deiner, Michael; Birgbauer, Eric; Sretavan, David W.

doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2003.09.006

Cited by 78 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…However, the pathfinding processes for ganglion cells in the retina, optic nerve head and optic chiasm and formation of the retinotopic connections in the brainstem is complex. [47][48][49] Deficiency in any one of these processes could lead to failure of accurate functional connections and excessive apoptosis in the ganglion cell layer. The relationships between the quantity and function of ganglion cells and the development of the more distal retinal cells are poorly understood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal function in infants with optic nerve hypoplasia: electroretinograms to large patterns and photopic flash

McCulloch

Garcia-Filion

Boemel

et al. 2006

Eye

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Aims Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), which is defined as a congenital deficiency of retinal ganglion cells, may also involve more distal layers of the retina. We investigated electrophysiological function of the retina in ONH using electroretinograms (ERGs). Methods ERGs were recorded from 48 subjects (3.5-35 months) with unilateral or bilateral ONH. Pattern reversal (41 checks) was presented under chloral hydrate sedation, using an optical system to correct a cycloplegic refraction. A photopic flash stimulus was also used. Fundus photographs were used to measure the disk diameter/disk macula ratio (DD/DM), and to document other clinical signs. Eyes were classified as moderate (0.15-0.3) or severe (o0.15) ONH, and those with DD/DM greater than 0.3 were used as reference eyes. Results Pattern ERG recording was completed in 89 eyes and was detectable in 80% of eyes with ONH (61/76 tested) and in all 13 reference eyes. Photopic flash ERGs were of good quality in all eyes. The severity of ONH correlates with the amplitude of the photopic flash b-waves and with the amplitude of the N95 component of the pattern ERG (Po0.01). However, the ERGs to large patterns were well preserved (43.5 lV) in 10 of 35 eyes with severe ONH. Tortuous retinal vessels in eyes with either moderate or severe ONH were associated with smaller amplitude photopic b-waves and markedly diminished or undetectable pattern ERGs. Conclusions This study supports the hypothesis that retinal dysfunction distal to the ganglion cells is common in ONH, but is not predictable on the basis of ONH severity alone. Additionally, tortuous retinal vessels in ONH may be a sign associated with retinal dysfunction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal function in infants with optic nerve hypoplasia: electroretinograms to large patterns and photopic flash

McCulloch

Garcia-Filion

Boemel

et al. 2006

Eye

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“…Some attractants can become repellents when they have had contact with the axon they have attractedFthus sending it onwards. The cellular mechanisms by which steering takes place, once mysterious, are becoming more clear; 35,36 the growth cone changes molecularly as it progresses toward its target, and it changes with age. Multiple guidance cues trigger localized degradation, synthesis, or downregulation of proteins in the growth cone which alter its direction of travel, 35 steering it towards or away from the cue on its marathon journey to its target ( Figure 4).…”

Section: Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons (Rgc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optic nerve axons: life and death before birth

Taylor

2005

Eye

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“…Following the same order, axons at the center of the retina grow out before those at more peripheral positions (Thanos and Mey, 2001;Oster et al, 2004). Regardless of their positions, however, all RGC axons project to the optic disc at the center of the retina, in which they exit the eye to join the optic nerve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sonic Hedgehog Has a Dual Effect on the Growth of Retinal Ganglion Axons Depending on Its Concentration

Kolpak¹,

Zhang²,

Bao³

2005

J. Neurosci.

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The stereotypical projection of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to the optic disc has served as a good model system for studying axon guidance. By both in vitro and in vivo experiments, we show that a secreted molecule, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), may play a critical role in the process. It is expressed in a dynamic pattern in the ganglion cell layer with a relatively higher expression in the center of the retina. Through gel culture and stripe assays, we show that Shh has a dual effect on RGC axonal growth, acting as a positive factor at low concentrations and a negative factor at high concentrations. Results from time-lapse video microscopic and stripe assay experiments further suggest that the effects of Shh on axons are not likely attributable to indirect transcriptional regulation by Shh. Overexpression of Shh protein or inhibition of Shh function inside the retina resulted in a complete loss of centrally directed projection of RGC axons, suggesting that precise regulation of Shh level inside the retina is critical for the projection of RGC axons to the optic disc.

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Ganglion cell axon pathfinding in the retina and optic nerve

Cited by 78 publications

References 79 publications

Retinal function in infants with optic nerve hypoplasia: electroretinograms to large patterns and photopic flash

Retinal function in infants with optic nerve hypoplasia: electroretinograms to large patterns and photopic flash

Optic nerve axons: life and death before birth

Sonic Hedgehog Has a Dual Effect on the Growth of Retinal Ganglion Axons Depending on Its Concentration

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