Gamma-Linolenic Acid Suppresses NF-κΒ Signaling via CD36 in the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in Primary Goat Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells

Cao, Duo-Yao; Luo, Jun; Zang, Wenjuan; Chen, Dekun; Xu, Huifen; Shi, Huaiping; Jing, Xiaoqi

doi:10.1007/s10753-016-0358-7

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Hence, among the lipid components of Spirulina lipids, GLA bonded to GLs may possibly be the main contributor reducing the excess fat accumulation in the liver induced by the HFHSD. Furthermore, several studies have reported that GLA exerts a potent anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo [54][55][56]. Oxidative stress causes several types of pathological states including inflammation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirulina Lipids Alleviate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mice Fed a High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet

Yang

Hosokawa

et al. 2020

Marine Drugs

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High-fat and high-sucrose diet (HFHSD)-induced obesity leads to oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory status. However, little is known about the beneficial effects of total lipids extracted from Spirulina. Hence, in the present study, Spirulina lipids were extracted with chloroform/methanol (SLC) or ethanol (SLE) and then their effects on oxidative stress and inflammation in the mice fed a HFHSD were investigated. The results show that the major lipid classes and fatty acid profiles of SLC and SLE were almost similar, but the gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and carotenoid contents in SLE was a little higher than that in SLC. Dietary 4% SLC or SLE for 12 weeks effectively decreased the hepatic lipid hydroperoxide levels as well as increased the activities and mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes in the mice fed a HFHSD. In addition, supplementation with SLC and SLE also markedly decreased the levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver and epididymal white adipose tissue of mice fed a HFHSD, and the effects of SLC and SLE were comparable. These findings confirm for the first time that dietary Spirulina lipids could alleviate HFHSD-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirulina Lipids Alleviate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mice Fed a High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet

Yang

Hosokawa

et al. 2020

Marine Drugs

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“…In addition, glucose, sucrose, and fructose have pro-inflammatory actions and enhance the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [21]. It is noteworthy that TNF-α itself can cause EFA deficiency state [22] that further enhances TNF-α formation due to the absence of the negative regulation exerted by GLA, DGLA, AA, PGE1, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Metabolism Of Essential Fatty Acids and Factors That Influenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Cell Membrane Theory of Senescence” and the Role of Bioactive Lipids in Aging, and Aging Associated Diseases and Their Therapeutic Implications

Das

2021

Biomolecules

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Lipids are an essential constituent of the cell membrane of which polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the most important component. Activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) induces the release of PUFAs from the cell membrane that form precursors to both pro- and ant-inflammatory bioactive lipids that participate in several cellular processes. PUFAs GLA (gamma-linolenic acid), DGLA (dihomo-GLA), AA (arachidonic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are derived from dietary linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) by the action of desaturases whose activity declines with age. Consequently, aged cells are deficient in GLA, DGLA, AA, AA, EPA and DHA and their metabolites. LA, ALA, AA, EPA and DHA can also be obtained direct from diet and their deficiency (fatty acids) may indicate malnutrition and deficiency of several minerals, trace elements and vitamins some of which are also much needed co-factors for the normal activity of desaturases. In many instances (patients) the plasma and tissue levels of GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA are low (as seen in patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus) but they do not have deficiency of other nutrients. Hence, it is reasonable to consider that the deficiency of GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA noted in these conditions are due to the decreased activity of desaturases and elongases. PUFAs stimulate SIRT1 through protein kinase A-dependent activation of SIRT1-PGC1α complex and thus, increase rates of fatty acid oxidation and prevent lipid dysregulation associated with aging. SIRT1 activation prevents aging. Of all the SIRTs, SIRT6 is critical for intermediary metabolism and genomic stability. SIRT6-deficient mice show shortened lifespan, defects in DNA repair and have a high incidence of cancer due to oncogene activation. SIRT6 overexpression lowers LDL and triglyceride level, improves glucose tolerance, and increases lifespan of mice in addition to its anti-inflammatory effects at the transcriptional level. PUFAs and their anti-inflammatory metabolites influence the activity of SIRT6 and other SIRTs and thus, bring about their actions on metabolism, inflammation, and genome maintenance. GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), lipoxin A4 (LXA4) (pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites of AA respectively) activate/suppress various SIRTs (SIRt1 SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4, SIRT5, SIRT6), PPAR-γ, PARP, p53, SREBP1, intracellular cAMP content, PKA activity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC1-α). This implies that changes in the metabolism of bioactive lipids as a result of altered activities of desaturases, COX-2 and 5-, 12-, 15-LOX (cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenases respectively) may have a critical role in determining cell age and development of several aging associated diseases and genomic stability and gene and oncogene activation. Thus, methods designed to maintain homeostasis of bioactive lipids (GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA, DHA, PGE2, LXA4) may arrest aging process and associated metabolic abnormalities.

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“…However, a decrease in these acids’ levels may lead to the development of inflammatory diseases [ 24 , 27 ]. In addition, GLA suppresses inflammation mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokines [ 12 , 28 ]. In contrast, 15-HETrE acid, which is a product of the oxidation of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid by 15-LOX, has the ability to inhibit the synthesis of series 4 leukotrienes, whose elevated levels cause intensified pathological cell hyperproliferation [ 24 ].…”

Section: Biological Activity Of Evening Primrose Oil ( Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) Biological Activity Dependent on Chemical Composition

2018

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Evening primrose (Oenothera L.) is a plant belonging to the family Onagraceae, in which the most numerous species is Oenothera biennis. Some plants belonging to the genus Oenothera L. are characterized by biological activity. Therefore, studies were conducted to determine the dependence of biological activity on the chemical composition of various parts of the evening primrose, mainly leaves, stems, and seeds. Common components of all parts of the Oenothera biennis plants are fatty acids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. In contrast, primrose seeds also contain proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Therefore, it is believed that the most interesting sources of biologically active compounds are the seeds and, above all, evening primrose seed oil. This oil contains mainly aliphatic alcohols, fatty acids, sterols, and polyphenols. Evening primrose oil (EPO) is extremely high in linoleic acid (LA) (70–74%) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) (8–10%), which may contribute to the proper functioning of human tissues because they are precursors of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. EPO supplementation results in an increase in plasma levels of γ-linolenic acid and its metabolite dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA). This compound is oxidized by lipoxygenase (15-LOX) to 15-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (15-HETrE) or, under the influence of cyclooxygenase (COX), DGLA is metabolized to series 1 prostaglandins. These compounds have anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Furthermore, 15-HETrE blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to leukotriene A4 (LTA4) by direct inhibition of 5-LOX. In addition, γ-linolenic acid suppresses inflammation mediators such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and cytokine - tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The beneficial effects of EPO have been demonstrated in the case of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, Sjögren’s syndrome, asthma, and anti-cancer therapy.

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Gamma-Linolenic Acid Suppresses NF-κΒ Signaling via CD36 in the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in Primary Goat Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells

Cited by 14 publications

References 49 publications

Spirulina Lipids Alleviate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mice Fed a High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet

Spirulina Lipids Alleviate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mice Fed a High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet

“Cell Membrane Theory of Senescence” and the Role of Bioactive Lipids in Aging, and Aging Associated Diseases and Their Therapeutic Implications

Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) Biological Activity Dependent on Chemical Composition

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