Gamma dose rates and distribution of natural radionuclides in sand beaches—Ilha Grande, Southeastern Brazil

Natural radioactivity distribution and gammaradiation exposure of beach sands close to Kavalapluton, Greece

“…The heavy, heavy magnetic and heavy non-magnetic (%wt.) fractions are given in Table 1, are in well agreement with the natural radioactivity levels reported by the literature concerning data from regular background radiation areas [3,14,15,[17][18][19]. Moreover, data of samples obtained by heavy minerals enriched horizons, are comparable with the levels reported for high background radiation level areas in India, Brazil and Sithonia, Greece [11,13,16,18,36].…”

“…For the mineral separations, the 0.125-0.5 mm grain-size fraction was used, after the determination of the average grain size of the heavy minerals under the binocular microscope. After magnetite removal using a hand magnet, heavy liquid (tetrabromoethane, 2.967 g/cm 3 ) and a Frantz isodynamic separator were employed to determine the wt% heavy fraction and the heavy magnetic and non-magnetic fractions of the whole sample. The heavy magnetic fraction (< 0.8 amp at forward and side slope of 15 ∘ and 25 ∘ , respectively) contains allanite, amphibole, mica, clinopyroxene, magnetite and hematite while the heavy non-magnetic fraction (> 0.8 amp at same settings) contains monazite, zircon, titanite and apatite.…”

“…They are the products of a combination of weathering, fragmentation, and degradation [1]. Beach placer or "black sand" deposits around the world are known for their economic concentrations of heavy minerals such as monazite, zircon, ilmenite, rutile, garnet, allanite and sillimanite [2,3].…”

Specific Activities of Natural Radionuclides in Beach Sand Samples from Samila Beach in Songkhla Province (Thailand) after Nuclear Power Plant Accident in Japan

“…There are many scientists and researchers in several countries have studied the levels of natural background radiation by in situ measurements or by analysis of specific activities of natural radionuclides in soil or beach sand samples [1]- [7]. Moreover, radiological hazard studies have been made in beach sand samples in some famous beach locations, mainly in India and Brazil, because along theirs coastline there are quite a few monazite sand bearing placer deposits causing natural high background radiation areas [5], [8]- [11]. In Thailand, the levels of natural background radiation and radiological hazard assessment have been also studied in beach sand samples in different locations around the kingdom by some group of researchers [7], [12]- [14].…”

Natural radioactivity distribution and gamma radiation exposure of beach sands from Sithonia Peninsula

“…Various studies on natural radioactivity levels of sands were carried out worldwide, in particular in areas with high background radiation like India and Brazil or countries with extended sand land- scapes. Exposure dose rates were assessed indicating that these dose rates vary depending upon the concentration of the natural radionuclides present in sands and bed-rocks, which in turn depend upon the local geology of each region [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The coastline of Greece is one of the largest worldwide; however, despite the fact that most of Greek beaches are highly touristic, there are no data upon their natural radioactivity levels until now.…”