Gamma Attenuation and Mechanical Characteristics of a Lead/NBR/SBR Rubber Composite with Black Nanocarbon Reinforcement

Abstract

In this work, black nanocarbon-loaded 0–100 parts-per-hundred (phr) PbO-filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) blend composites were prepared by using an ordinary standard rubber mixer. Both mechanical and gamma attenuation properties of the prepared samples were investigated. Maximum tensile strength and elongation at break were obtained at 40 phr PbO concentration. The obtained values for the mass attenuation coefficient with the increased PbO concentration from 0–100 phr ranged from 0.12–0.22 cm2/g at 0.239 MeV. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with the elemental mapping analysis results showed high homogeneity at 40 phr of the prepared rubber composites, with some areas of elemental agglomeration at a high concentration of lead oxide. The obtained results highly recommend the use of the prepared nanocarbon-reinforced PbO/NBR/SBR blend compared to those previously used as personal protective equipment in radiation-shielding applications.

Studying the High Loading of Lead-Rubber Nanocomposites as Gamma Radiations Shielding.

“…The planes (101) and ( 211) are related to TiO 2 [44]. In addition, the average crystalline size and crystallinity were 35.4 nm and 38.43%; these results agree with previous studies [32,45]. Adding zinc oxide and titanium oxide leads to a complex structure with the rubber and enhances the rubber's crystalline properties [46].…”

“…Figure 3 shows the FTIR spectra of pure SBR and SBR: Pb -NPs with a range of 500-4000 cm − 1 ; the peaks around 2924 and 2846 cm − 1 represent the symmetric stretching of the C-H band [32,[37][38][39]. The The peaks observed at 802 cm − 1 and 887 cm − 1 correspond to the C = C bending attributed to the alkane group.…”

Impact of Growth Temperature of Lead-Oxide Nanostructures on the Attenuation of Gamma Radiation

“…The HVL was estimated in this study to analyze the penetrating ability of gamma radiation through PbO NSs grown on a glass layer under different temperatures 50 and 70 °C, and it reduces with an increase of μ. As shown in Table , the lead-oxide NSs have highly efficient rate of performance for protection from the radiation, and the obtained results are better than those from previous studies. , …”

“…As shown in Table 2, the lead-oxide NSs have highly efficient rate of performance for protection from the radiation, and the obtained results are better than those from previous studies. 46,47 The SEM images in Figure 4 revealed that the PbO sample grown at 50 °C has a more and clear grain boundary structure compared to the PbO sample synthesized at 70 °C. In addition, the crystal quality of 50 °C samples is higher than the other one; see Figure 3.…”

“…Therefore, PbO NSs have a high efficiency to attenuate gamma (γ) radiation and act as shields against the source of γ radiation, and the obtained results of HVL are better than those from the previous studies. 47 The growth temperature of a material during synthesis affects its morphology and crystal structure. The growth temperature influences atoms and molecules mobility in the growth environment, which affects the rate of nucleation, growth, and diffusion.…”