Gametogenesis and spawning in a hermaphroditic population ofGolfingia minuta(Sipuncula)

Abstract

Breeding and development have been studied in a number of sipunculans, including Golfingia elongata (Keferstein), G. vulgaris (de Blainville), G. minuta (Keferstein), G. pugettensis Fisher, Phascolosoma agassizi Keferstein, Phascolopsis gouldi (Pourtalès), Themiste pyroides (Chamberlin), Phascolion strombi (Montagu) and Sipunculus nudus L. (see Åkesson, 1958, 1961; Gerould, 1903, 1904, 1906; Hatschek, 1884; Rice, 1967; Selenka, 1875). However, the annual cycle of gametogenesis has been investigated in very few sipunculans, notably G. vulgaris (Gonse, 1956 a, b, 1957a, b) and P. agassizi (Towle & Giese, 1966, 1967).

On the deep-sea Nephasoma species in the Eastern North Atlantic – a taxonomic guide

“…Four species and subspecies described in this study (N. abyssorum, N. diaphanes diaphanes, N. diaphanes corrugatum and N. lilljeborgi) belong to what is described in the literature as the minutum section: small but normal proportioned sipunculan worms with reduced tentacles, small, scattered introvert hooks and non-distinct internal anatomy and no unique external features (Cutler & Cutler, 1986;Cutler 1994). Members of minutum group include N. abyssorum, N. diaphanes, N. lilljeborgi and N. minutum (sensu Gibbs 1975Gibbs , 1977. Our study, based on over 2100 specimens, shows that there are small differences between the four species of Nephasoma found in deep Nordic Seas, with many similar characteristics which make distinguishing between species challenging but still possible.…”

Sipuncula from the Alboran Sea and Ibero-Moroccan Bay

“…Species identification is difficult especially with minute forms of Nephasoma which have few outstanding characters. Gibbs (1975) restricted the use of the name N. minuta to the hermaphroditic, shallowwater, European population, with 'diaphanes', being used for distinct and heterogeneous populations, but it is uncertain if these can be regarded as separate species.…”

The Role of Androdioecy and Gynodioecy in Mediating Evolutionary Transitions Between Dioecy and Hermaphroditism in the Animalia

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