Gamers’ insights into the phenomenology of normal gaming and game “addiction”: A mixed methods study

Carras, Michelle Colder; Porter, Anne Marie; Rooij, Antonius J. van; King, Daniel L.; Lange, Amanda; Carras, Matthew; Labrique, Alain

doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.029

Cited by 53 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…Involving the aforementioned groups in the decision-making process will lead to a more holistic and accurate view of the diversity of video gaming. Stakeholder engagement has proven to be a fruitful endeavor in participatory mixed-methods research conducted with gamers ( Colder Carras, Porter, et al., 2017 ). Indeed, we would take this a step further and encourage such stakeholders to participate in the peer review of studies before they are conducted by following the Registered Reports methodology ( www.cos.io/rr/ ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution

et al. 2018

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We greatly appreciate the care and thought that is evident in the 10 commentaries that discuss our debate paper, the majority of which argued in favor of a formalized ICD-11 gaming disorder. We agree that there are some people whose play of video games is related to life problems. We believe that understanding this population and the nature and severity of the problems they experience should be a focus area for future research. However, moving from research construct to formal disorder requires a much stronger evidence base than we currently have. The burden of evidence and the clinical utility should be extremely high, because there is a genuine risk of abuse of diagnoses. We provide suggestions about the level of evidence that might be required: transparent and preregistered studies, a better demarcation of the subject area that includes a rationale for focusing on gaming particularly versus a more general behavioral addictions concept, the exploration of non-addiction approaches, and the unbiased exploration of clinical approaches that treat potentially underlying issues, such as depressive mood or social anxiety first. We acknowledge there could be benefits to formalizing gaming disorder, many of which were highlighted by colleagues in their commentaries, but we think they do not yet outweigh the wider societal and public health risks involved. Given the gravity of diagnostic classification and its wider societal impact, we urge our colleagues at the WHO to err on the side of caution for now and postpone the formalization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution

et al. 2018

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“…Involving the aforementioned groups in the decisionmaking process will lead to a more holistic and accurate view of the diversity of video gaming. Stakeholder engagement has proven to be a fruitful endeavor in participatory mixed-methods research conducted with gamers (Colder Carras, Porter, et al, 2017). Indeed, we would take this a step further and encourage such stakeholders to participate in the peer review of studies before they are conducted by following the Registered Reports methodology (www.cos.io/ rr/).…”

Section: How To Move Forward: Beyond the Echo Chambermentioning

confidence: 99%

A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution

Rooij¹,

Ferguson²,

Carras³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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We greatly appreciate the care and thought that is evident in the ten commentaries that discuss our debate paper, the majority of which argued in favor of a formalized ICD-11 gaming disorder. We agree that there are some people whose play of video games is related to life problems. We believe that understanding this population and the nature and severity of the problems they experience should be a focus area for future research. However, moving from research construct to formal disorder requires a much stronger evidence base than we currently have. The burden of evidence and the clinical utility should be extremely high because there is a genuine risk of abuse of diagnoses. We provide suggestions about the level of evidence that might be required: transparent and preregistered studies, a better demarcation of the subject area that includes a rationale for focusing on gaming in particular versus a more general behavioral addictions concept, the exploration of non-addiction approaches, and the unbiased exploration of clinical approaches that treat potentially underlying issues such as depressive mood or social anxiety first. We acknowledge there could be benefits to formalizing gaming disorder, many of which were highlighted by colleagues in their commentaries, but we think they do not yet outweigh the wider societal and public health risks involved. Given the gravity of diagnostic classification and its wider societal impact, we urge our colleagues at the WHO to err on the side of caution for now and postpone the formalization.

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“…Overall, the rapid growth of OG has been interwoven with uncertainties about which populations are primarily engaged, and OG's effect on well being (Anderson et al 2017;Kuss and Griffiths 2012;Pontes et al 2017a;Stavropoulos et al 2018b). Despite OG having many positive psychosocial effects 1 beyond satisfying one's leisure needs Carras et al 2018;Jones et al 2014), for excessive gamers, psychosocial repercussions can be multiple, 2 compromising their concurrent and future adaptation (Anderson et al 2017;Beard et al 2017;Kuss and Griffiths 2012;Kuss et al 2017;Pontes et al 2017b;Kuss et al 2018;Stavropoulos et al 2018aStavropoulos et al , 2018bStavropoulos et al 2019). The extent and the significance of the excessive OG's negative repercussions have prompted questions and concerns regarding its classification as a distinct psychopathological entity and its inclusion in the broader category of addictive behaviors 3 (Kuss et al 2018;Hu et al 2018;Scerri et al 2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

Test-Retest Measurement Invariance of the Nine-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale in Two Countries: A Preliminary Longitudinal Study

Stavropoulos

Bamford

Beard

et al. 2019

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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The reliable longitudinal assessment of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) behaviors is viewed by many as a pivotal clinical and research priority. The present study is the first to examine the test-retest measurement invariance of IGD ratings, as assessed using the short-form nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS9-SF) over an approximate period of 3 months, across two normative national samples. Differences referring to the mode of the data collection (faceto-face [FtF] vs. online) were also considered. Two sequences of successive multiple group confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were calculated to longitudinally assess the psychometric properties of the IGDS9-SF using emergent adults, gamers from (i) the United States of America (USA; N = 120, 18-29 years, Mean age = 22.35, 51.6% male) assessed online and; and (ii) Australia (N = 61, 18-31 years, Mean age = 23.02, 75.4% male) assessed FtF. Configural invariance was established across both samples, and metric and scalar invariances were supported for the USA sample. Interestingly, only partial metric (factor loadings for Items 2 and 3 non-invariant) and partial scalar invariance (i.e., all thresholds of Items 1 and 2, and thresholds 1, 3, for Items 4, 6, 8, and 9 non-invariant) were established for the Australian sample. Findings are discussed in the light of using IGDS9-SF to assess and monitor IGD behaviors over time in both in clinical and non-clinical settings.

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Gamers’ insights into the phenomenology of normal gaming and game “addiction”: A mixed methods study

Cited by 53 publications

References 65 publications

A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution

A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution

A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution

Test-Retest Measurement Invariance of the Nine-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale in Two Countries: A Preliminary Longitudinal Study

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