“…It requires operational collaboration among different stakeholders, and the operational decisions are more complex (Fraccascia et al, 2020;Turken and Geda, 2020). Current research of the effect of BPS on operational decisions has only considered a monopoly manufacture's (Lee, 2012;Choi et al, 2020), or focused on the two-echelon supply chain (Zhou et al, 2020) In fact, due to technological limitations, most manufacturers outsource their waste processing to third party (processing plant), which means a threeechelon supply chain collaboration among upstream manufacturers, processing plants, and downstream manufacturers is necessary (Herczeg et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2019). A typical example is bagasse as a substitute of wood in paper production.…”