“…A majority of existing studies have focused on designing AVs' driving algorithms in various scenarios to ensure traffic efficiency, safety, or ethics (Reece and Shafer, 1993;Yoo and Langari, 2013;Kim and Langari, 2014;Yu et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2015;Talebpour et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2016;Gong et al, 2016;Gong and Du, 2018;Li et al, 2018;Huang et al, 2019a,c,b;Smith, 2019), but ignoring human drivers' behavioral adaptation to AVs as humans are exposed to more and more traffic encounters with AVs. Human drivers may have a weaker incentive to exercise "due care" when faced with AVs.…”