This study investigates the joint trade-in rebate strategies in a supply chain with independent manufacturers selling substitutable products via a dominant retailer. We model their interplay as a Stackelberg game and analyze their joint trade-in rebate decisions. We find that the differentiated trade-in rebate scheme is better for the retailer, and the manufacturers cooperating in making their trade-in rebate decisions can achieve win-win results in most cases. However, replacement consumers could benefit from the retailer's uniform trade-in rebate scheme and the manufacturers not cooperating in their trade-in decisions. The latter is always more beneficial to the environment.
| INTRODUCTIONTrade-in programs are extensively used in durable product markets, such as household electrical appliances, automobiles, electronics, and technology industries (Agrawal et al., 2016;Ray et al., 2005). In a trade-in program, trade-in rebates are commonly regarded as a special discount firms offer to the replacement consumers for a new product.Consequently, trade-in programs can serve as essential strategic leverage to boost sales of new products (Xiao, 2017). For instance, in highly saturated markets such as refrigerators or electric heaters, the percentage of replacement purchases in the United States equals 70%-80% of annual sales (Ray et al., 2005). Similarly, approximately 57% of all new car sales are through trade-ins in the automobile industry (Zhu et al., 2008). It has been revealed that trade-ins play a crucial role in increasing the purchasing frequency (Desai et al., 2016), helping firms to remain competitive (Li & Xu, 2015), and reducing the environmental impact (Vedantam et al., 2021).