Gambling with globalism: Japanese financial flows to North Korea and the sanctions policy option

Lind, Jennifer

doi:10.1080/09512749708719229

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Estimates dating from the early 1990s of remittances from Japan alone ranged from $10 million a year to a high of $2 billion (Eberstadt 1996;Lind 1997;. The most credible estimates from this period were in the range of $16-41 million and certainly less than $100 million a year.…”

Section: Capital Transfers: Private Unrequited Transfersmentioning

confidence: 91%

North Korea’s External Economic Relations, 1990–2016

Haggard¹,

Noland²

2017

Hard Target

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North Korea's international transactions have grown since the 1990s famine period. Illicit transactions appear to account for a declining share of trade. Direct investment is rising, but the county remains significantly dependent on aid to finance imports. Interdependence with South Korea and China is rising, but the nature of integration with these two partners is very different: China's interaction with North Korea appears to be increasingly on market-oriented terms, while South Korea's involvement has a growing noncommercial or aid component. These patterns have implications for North Korea's development, the effectiveness of UN sanctions, and its bargaining behavior in nuclear negotiations.JEL codes: F5, P3, F14

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Section: Capital Transfers: Private Unrequited Transfersmentioning

confidence: 91%

North Korea’s External Economic Relations, 1990–2016

Haggard¹,

Noland²

2017

Hard Target

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“…As with other sources of financial support for the country, the magnitude of private unrequited transfers has been the subject of substantial controversy. Estimates dating from the early 1990s of remittances from Japan alone ranged from $10 million a year to a high of $2 billion (Eberstadt 1996;Lind 1997;. The most credible estimates from this period were in the range of $16-41 million and certainly less than $100 million a year.…”

Section: Capital Transfers: Private Unrequited Transfersmentioning

confidence: 99%

3. North Korea’s External Economic Relations, 1990 –2016

김¹

2020

Hard Target

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The North Korean factor in the improvement of Japanese intelligence capability

Choi

2004

The Pacific Review

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When considered against the background of its economic and technological strength, Japan had maintained an anomalously moderate national intelligence capability throughout the Cold War period. However, Japan has been progressively getting out of this low-key stance in the area of national intelligence. This article argues that, among various international developments, the most obvious and immediate momentum for the improvement in Japan's national intelligence has come from a series of security events caused by North Korea, such as: the first and second nuclear crisis respectively in 1993-94 and 2002-present; the test-firing of the Nodong-1 ballistic missile in 1993 and the launching of the Taepodong-1 rocket in 1998; alleged spy ship incidents in 1999 and 2001; and the long suspected North Korean kidnapping of Japanese citizens and Pyongyang's admission to it in 2002. The article goes on to answer the following questions: how has Japan's national intelligence responded and what efforts has Japan made to upgrade intelligence capability in the face of North Korea-related security concerns? And what are the next steps Japan could take for progressive improvement of intelligence capability?

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Gambling with globalism: Japanese financial flows to North Korea and the sanctions policy option

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

North Korea’s External Economic Relations, 1990–2016

North Korea’s External Economic Relations, 1990–2016

3. North Korea’s External Economic Relations, 1990 –2016

The North Korean factor in the improvement of Japanese intelligence capability

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