Galvanic Series of Metals Conventionally Used in Tap Water With and Without Flow and Its Comparison to That in Seawater

Matsukawa, Yasuki; Chuta, Hiroshi; Miyashita, Mamoru; Yoshikawa, Miyuki; Miyata, Yoshikazu; Asakura, Shukuji

doi:10.5006/1.3665358

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The effects of galvanic lead corrosion have previously been studied in the laboratory by measuring (1) electro-potentials across the galvanic couple or galvanic current across the galvanic couple, − (2) lead contamination of drinking water exposed to the galvanic couple, − or (3) a combination of both. − In most cases lead pipe behaved as the anode, consistent with empirical galvanic series. ,, Occasionally, leaded brass or copper was found to behave as the anode instead of lead pipe, , in which case the possibility for water lead contamination is minimized, because lead pipe behaves as the cathode and is protected from corrosion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…In the latter situation, empirical galvanic series as reported in seawater (50) or in unspecified water conditions (1) may not reflect the environment of interest. Matsukawa et al (27) found that lead was more noble (i.e., had lower measured potential) than copper in a specific flowing tap water quality in Japan, while the opposite was true in flowing seawater. Because the direction and magnitude of galvanic attack is a complex combination of anode-to-cathode surface area ratio, distance between coupled metals, temperature, water flow velocity, water quality and condition of the metal surfaces (50), empirical galvanic series may not always reflect these complexities but offer a useful starting point.…”

Section: Importance Of Galvanic Corrosion Based On Excavated Lead Jointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints

DeSantis

Triantafyllidou

Schock

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Galvanic corrosion as a mechanism of toxic lead release into drinking water has been under scientific debate in the U.S. for over 30 years. Visual and mineralogical analysis of 28 lead pipe joints, excavated after 60+ years from eight U.S. water utilities, provided the first direct view of three distinct galvanic corrosion patterns in practice: (1) no evidence of galvanic corrosion; (2) galvanic corrosion with lead cathode; (3) galvanic corrosion with lead anode. Pattern 3 is consistent with empirical galvanic series (lead → brass → copper in order of increasing nobility) and poses the greatest risk of Pb exposure. Pattern 2 is consistent with galvanic battery reversion. The identification of copper-sulfate minerals (Pattern 2), and lead-sulfate and lead-chloride minerals (Pattern 3) in galvanic zones illustrated the migration of chloride and sulfate toward the anode. Geochemical modeling confirmed the required pH drop from the bulk water level to at least pH 3.0-4.0 (Pattern 2) and pH < 5.5 (Pattern 3) in order to form these minerals. Despite joints being over 60 years old, galvanic zones in Pattern 3 were active and possibly posed an important source of lead to drinking water. Importantly, Pattern 3 was not observed in samples from systems representing water qualities favoring PbO formation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Importance Of Galvanic Corrosion Based On Excavated Lead Jointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints

DeSantis

Triantafyllidou

Schock

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…As mentioned above, magnesium has low electrode potential [14], and the second phase in Mg-RE alloy has a positive potential than the matrix, so the second phase forms micro-battery with the matrix, which accelerates the corrosion dissolution of the Mg substrate. Therefore, the second phase accelerates the corrosion dissolution of Mg in corrosion process.…”

Section: Statementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Magnesium has the lowest electrode potential in all structure materials [14][15][16]. Therefore, magnesium alloy has strong anodization in seawater and is easily damaged by corrosion as anode in galvanic corrosion, which limits the application of magnesium alloy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of aging treatment on corrosion behavior of Mg-4Nd-2Gd-0.5Zr alloy

Liu

Chen

et al. 2022

Mater. Res. Express

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The effects of aging time on corrosion behavior of Mg-4Nd-2Gd-0.5Zr alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution were investigated by microanalysis, weight loss test and electrochemical test. The results show that the corrosion rate of Mg-4Nd-2Gd-0.5Zr alloy decreases first and then increases with the extension of aging time. Aging treatment alters the grain size and the distribution of the second phases. The second phases and grain size are the key factors affecting the corrosion rate of magnesium alloy. Among the tested alloys, the T6-8 h alloy shows the lowest corrosion rate, which is mainly attributed to the continuous distribution of second phases restricting the expansion of corrosion, hence the T6-8 h alloy showed the highest corrosion resistance. The corrosion rate of T6-16 h alloy increases obviously because of the growth of the grain size and the segregation of second phases, which accelerates the corrosion progress.

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“…The second common misperception is that there is a single "galvanic series" that one can use to tell if a given metal will be active in a given environment. While galvanic series have been tabulated for seawater and other electrolytes (Matsukawa et al 2011), the positions of metals can change dramatically depending on the environment.…”

Section: Special Corrosion Considerations For Sign Postsmentioning

confidence: 99%