Galloylated proanthocyanidins from shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) meal have potent anthelmintic activity against Ascaris suum

Abstract

Proanthocyanidins (PA) from shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) meal were investigated by thiolytic degradation with benzyl mercaptan and the reaction products were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. These PA were galloylated (≈40%), contained only B-type linkages and had a high proportion of prodelphinidins (>70%). The mean degree of polymerisation was 8 (i.e. average molecular size was 2384Da) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) was the major flavan-3-ol subunit in PA. Shea meal also proved to be a potentially valuable source for extracting free flavan-3-ol-O-gallates, especially EGCg (575mg/kg meal), which is known for its health and anti-parasitic benefits. Proanthocyanidins were isolated and tested for bioactivity against Ascaris suum, which is an important parasite of pigs. Migration and motility tests revealed that these PA have potent activity against this parasitic nematode.

Benefits of Condensed Tannins in Forage Legumes Fed to Ruminants: Importance of Structure, Concentration, and Diet Composition

“…By using techniques that only measure the easily extractable CTs, researchers may risk missing a large fraction ( Table 2) that al., 2014; Ramsay et al, 2016;Ropiak et al, 2016b;our unpublished data). Some can be extracted with water or aqueous methanol, and others require aqueous acetone, but many CTs are tightly bound to the plant matrix and cannot be extracted with these solvents.…”

“…Some can be extracted with water or aqueous methanol, and others require aqueous acetone, but many CTs are tightly bound to the plant matrix and cannot be extracted with these solvents. By using techniques that only measure the easily extractable CTs, researchers may risk missing a large fraction ( Table 2) that al., 2014; Ramsay et al, 2016;Ropiak et al, 2016b;our unpublished data).…”

“…nuts are unusual in having high proportions of galloylated flavan-3-ol monomers and galloylated low molecular weight PDs (Henning et al, 2003;Ramsay et al, 2016). Gaertn.)…”

“…These include inhibition of L3 migration and L4 motility with Ascaris suum, as well as L1 feeding inhibition, adult motility assays of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, and larval exsheathment inhibition of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis of L3 larvae (Brunet and Hoste 2006;Quijada et al, 2015;Desrues et al, 2016a;Ramsay et al, 2016). These include inhibition of L3 migration and L4 motility with Ascaris suum, as well as L1 feeding inhibition, adult motility assays of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, and larval exsheathment inhibition of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis of L3 larvae (Brunet and Hoste 2006;Quijada et al, 2015;Desrues et al, 2016a;Ramsay et al, 2016).…”

“…Other opportunities for reducing the environmental impact of nitrogen emissions from ruminant livestock include the use of galloylated CTs and epigallocatechin gallate (a galloylated flavan-3-ol monomer), because they are urease inhibitors (Huynh-Ba et al, 1994;Powell et al, 2011;Takeuchi et al, 2014). Grape seeds and some agroindustrial residues are sources of galloylated CTs and epigallocatechin gallate (Li et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2014;Ramsay et al, 2016), and application to the barn floor could lessen ammonia and N 2 O emissions from intensive systems. Grape seeds and some agroindustrial residues are sources of galloylated CTs and epigallocatechin gallate (Li et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2014;Ramsay et al, 2016), and application to the barn floor could lessen ammonia and N 2 O emissions from intensive systems.…”