Gallium-containing zeolites – valuable catalysts for the conversion of cycloalkanes into a premium synthetic steamcracker feedstock

ONIOM study of Ga/SAPO-11 catalyst: Species formation and reactivity

“…Due to their good Lewis acidity, Ga catalysts have found application in the aldol-type reactions of silyl enol ethers with carbonyl compounds [2]. Gamodified and Ga-exchanged zeolites have also been used for the alkylation of aromatic compounds [3], cycloalkane conversion [4], propane aromatization [5,6], selective catalytic NO reduction [7,8] More recently, the Ga/SAPO-11 system has been used for the direct transformation of n-butane to butenes [9].…”

“…It is well known that H 2 reduction of Ga 2 O 3 (s) produces Ga 2 O(g) [4,11,17] This gas migrates into the pores of the solid and reacts with the acid sites (H + Z − ) of the support [5,6,10,11] to yield the Ga + Z − sites according to the following reactions:…”

Characterization of bifunctional Pt/H[Ga]ZSM5 and Pt/H[Al]ZSM5 catalysts

“…If gallium can migrate from the surface into the crystalline zeolitic structure, the reverse process could also take place; in this regard, Ga 3+ has been found to migrate from framework sites toward the solid surface in Ga-loaded zeolites. This leads initially to the formation of Ga 2 O 3 which could later react producing other species as can be seen below [15,20]:…”

Preparation of Gallium‐Containing Catalysts by Solid‐State Reaction of Acidic Zeolites with Elemental Gallium

“…It has been reported that, with methylcyclohexane as reactant, which can easily be produced from toluene by state-ofthe-art hydrogenation, the yield of the desired n-alkanes can be increased from 72 to more than 75 % by incorporation of 0.14 wt.-% gallium into zeolite H-ZSM-5 [4]. Due to the increasing limitations of the aromatics content of motor fuels in the years to come and the thus expected excess of aromatics, this reaction might become important in the future [5,6].…”