Gallic Acid‐Loaded Zein Nanoparticles by Electrospraying Process

Abstract

Currently, electrospraying is a novel process for obtaining the nanoparticles from biopolymers. Zein nanoparticles have been obtained by this method and used to protect both hydrophilic and hydrophobic antioxidant molecules from environmental factors. The objective of this work was to prepare and characterize gallic acid‐loaded zein nanoparticles obtained by the electrospraying process to provide protection to gallic acid from environmental factors. Thus, it was related to the concentration of gallic acid in physicochemical and rheological properties of the electrosprayed solution, and also to equipment parameters, such as voltage, flow rate, and distance of the collector in morphology, and particle size. The physicochemical properties showed a relationship in the formation of a Taylor cone, in which at a low concentration of gallic acid (1% w/v), low viscosity (0.00464 ± 0.00001 Pa·s), and density (0.886 ± 0.00002 g/cm3), as well as high electrical conductivity (369 ± 4.3 µs/cm), forms a stable cone‐jet mode. The rheological properties and the Power Law model of the gallic acid‐zein electrosprayed solution demonstrated Newtonian behavior (n = 1). The morphology and size of the particle were dependent on the concentration of gallic acid. Electrosprayed parameters with high voltage (15 kV), low flow rate (0.1 mL/hr), and short distance (10 cm) exhibited a smaller diameter and spherical morphology. FT–IR showed interaction in the gallic acid‐loaded zein nanoparticle by hydrogen bonds. Therefore, the electrospraying process is a feasible technique for obtaining gallic acid‐loaded zein nanoparticles and providing potential protection to gallic acid from environmental factors.

Interfacial Engineering of Pickering Emulsion Co-Stabilized by Zein Nanoparticles and Tween 20: Effects of the Particle Size on the Interfacial Concentration of Gallic Acid and the Oxidative Stability

“…The thermodynamic parameters of the binding process between zein nanoparticles and GA at pH 3.0 were measured following the previous publication by ITC 200 microcalorimeter (MicroCal Inc., Northampton, UK) at 25 °C. Zein nanoparticles solution (10 mg/mL) and GA solution (50 mM) were prepared according to the method described previously [ 28 , 32 ]. Zein and GA solutions were placed in 200 μL of reaction cell and 39.4 μL syringe, respectively.…”

Preparation and Characterization of Quercetin‐Loaded Zein Nanoparticles by Electrospraying and Study of In Vitro Bioavailability

“…EHDA processes include electrospraying, electrospinning, and e-jet printing (Tapia-Hernández et al, 2019b). Electrospraying is a very simple technique that it is used to prepare nanoparticles, requires low-cost equipment, and generates little residues (Tapia-Hernández et al, 2015).…”

“…For instance, Liu et al (2018) elaborated nanoparticles by coaxial electrospray using 12% zein and 3% (w/v) tamoxifen citrate and concluded that this technique produces particles with better quality in terms of particle size, distribution of size, and morphology. Other studies have developed zein nanoparticles by the electrospraying technique (Baspinar,Üstündas, Bayraktar, & Sezgin, 2018;Bhushani, Kurrey, & Anandharamakrishnan, 2017;Gómez-Estaca, Balaguer, Gavara, & Hernandez-Munoz, 2012;Tapia-Hernández et al, 2019b), and coincide that at 5% zein, nanoparticles are obtained with a spherical, monodispersed, compact structure, with size ranging between 157 and 500 nm, and encapsulation efficiency ranging from 80% up to 97.44% for curcumin and catechins.…”

Electrosprayed Ultra-Thin Coating of Ethyl Cellulose on Drug Nanoparticles for Improved Sustained Release

“…A schematic showing the main components of a modified coaxial system is given in Figure 1. Just as a coaxial electrospraying system or even a traditional single-fluid electrospraying system [54][55][56], the modified coaxial system, as an electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) place, has the prerequisite four parts: A power supply for "electro-", two syringe pumps for "hydro-", a spraying head for the beginning of "dynamic" process, and a collector for collecting the resultant products of "atomization". Other auxiliary parts (such as lights/camera/personal computer for observing the working processes, hot air blower for helping solidification) can be added to the system when they are necessary for a successful preparation of electrosprayed solid particles [57,58].…”