Gallic acid improved behavior, brain electrophysiology, and inflammation in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of intellectual and cognitive disabilities. In the clinic it is essential to limit the development of cognitive impairment after TBI. In this study, the effects of gallic acid (GA; 100 mg/kg, per oral, from 7 days before to 2 days after TBI induction) on neurological score, passive avoidance memory, long-term potentiation (LTP) deficits, and levels of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the brain have been evaluated. Brain injury was induced following Marmarou's method. Data were analyzed by one-way and repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. The results indicated that memory was significantly impaired (p < 0.001) in the group treated with TBI + vehicle, together with deterioration of the hippocampal LTP and increased brain tissue levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. GA treatment significantly improved memory and LTP in the TBI rats. The brain tissue levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) in the group treated with GA. The results suggest that GA has neuroprotective properties against TBI-induced behavioral, electrophysiological, and inflammatory disorders, probably via the decrease of cerebral proinflammatory cytokines.

Gallic acid attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption by inhibiting Jmjd3 expression and activation after spinal cord injury

“…Oral administration of GA (100 mg[? ]kg -1) also improved behavior, brain electrophysiology, and inflammation in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (Sarkaki et al, 2015). In addition, the report by Sun.…”

“…The diverse pharmacological properties of GA, including antiallergic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects have previously been reported (Lu et al, 2006;Nabavi et al, 2012;Patel & Goyal, 2011;Yang et al, 2015;You et al, 2011). Recently, the neuroprotective effect of GA has been reported in several animal models of CNS disorders, such as depression, seizure, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, brain trauma, and SCI (Chhillar & Dhingra, 2013;Huang et al, 2012;Mansouri et al, 2013a;Mansouri et al, 2013b;Sarkaki et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2015). For example, GA improves cognitive, hippocampal long-term potentiation deficits and brain damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats (Sarkaki et al, 2014).…”

“…For example, GA improves cognitive, hippocampal long-term potentiation deficits and brain damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats (Sarkaki et al, 2014). GA also exhibits anti-depressant-like activity in a mouse model of unpredictable chronic mild stress (Chhillar & Dhingra, 2013) and improves behavior, brain electrophysiology, and inflammation in a rat model of traumatic brain injury via decreasing cerebral pro-inflammatory cytokines (Sarkaki et al, 2015). In addition, GA mitigates SCI-induced oxidative stress and the inflammatory response by increasing the antioxidant status of cells and decreasing the expression of inflammatory factors (Yang et al, 2015).…”

Natural Compounds as a Therapeutic Intervention following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Phytochemicals

“…The protective effects of GA following head trauma have been recently reported using a modified Marmarou's weight-drop rat model 109 of TBI. 115 Adult rats were treated with GA (100 mg/kg) for 7 days before and 2 days after injury using oral gavage. GA significantly improved the neuroscore and passive avoidance behavior.…”

The regulation of pituitary-thyroid abnormalities by peripheral administration of levothyroxine increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and reelin protein expression in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease

“…All rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride /xylazine (90/10 mg.kg -1 ) (Sarkaki et al, 2015) and were placed in a stereotaxic frame (Narishige Co, Tokyo, Japan) and microinjected using 30-gauge needle connected to a 10 µl…”