Gallbladder Disease in Patients on Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition

Organ system dysfunction following open cholecystectomy for acute acalculous cholecystitis in critically ill patients

“…Splanchnic hypoperfusion is also widely accepted to have a major role in the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (16, 17). Prolonged total parenteral nutrition and fasting have also been proposed to contribute to AAC (18).…”

Acute acalculous cholecystitis in critically ill patients

“…The pathophysiology of acalculous cholecystitis is not completely clear. Several predisposing factors have been implicated, including gallbladder epithelial ischemia and reperfusion injury (6), positive pressure ventilation (7), parenteral nutrition (8), and opioid use (9).…”

Motility of the gastrointestinal tract and gallbladder during long‐term total parenteral nutrition in dogs

“…Several studies have demonstrated that long-term TPN is accompanied by stasis of bile within the gallbladder. [1][2][3] However, whether the alterations of gastrointestinal motor activities and gallbladder contractions induced by long-term TPN are correlated with gallbladder disease is not clear. Weisbrodt et al 4 reported that the small bowel motility in the dog was not affected by continuous TPN long enough to induce atrophy of the small bowel mucosa.…”