Galanin

Chen, Duan; Kodama, Yosuke; Kulseng, Bård; Johannessen, Helene; Zhao, Chun‐Mei

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385095-9.00164-0

Cited by 4 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…GAL, isolated from the pig upper small intestine, contains 29 amino acids and is well conserved among species. In humans, GAL contains 30 amino acids and shares the sequence of the N-terminal fifteen residues found in other mammals, but other parts of the molecule show some differences (e.g., GAL is not C-terminally amidated as occurs in other mammals) [ 31 ]. In humans, the gene encoding GAL/GAL message-associated peptide is located in chromosome 11q13.3 and contains five introns and six exons which are translated into a 123 amino precursor, a pre-prohormone containing the signal peptide, GAL and GAL message-associated peptide [ 31 ].…”

Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, GAL contains 30 amino acids and shares the sequence of the N-terminal fifteen residues found in other mammals, but other parts of the molecule show some differences (e.g., GAL is not C-terminally amidated as occurs in other mammals) [ 31 ]. In humans, the gene encoding GAL/GAL message-associated peptide is located in chromosome 11q13.3 and contains five introns and six exons which are translated into a 123 amino precursor, a pre-prohormone containing the signal peptide, GAL and GAL message-associated peptide [ 31 ]. The gene encoding GAL-like peptide/alarin is located in the human chromosome 19q13.43 and shows six exons which in humans are translated into a 116 amino precursor, the pre-pro GAL-like peptide that contains the signal peptide and GAL-like peptide [ 31 ].…”

Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, the gene encoding GAL/GAL message-associated peptide is located in chromosome 11q13.3 and contains five introns and six exons which are translated into a 123 amino precursor, a pre-prohormone containing the signal peptide, GAL and GAL message-associated peptide [ 31 ]. The gene encoding GAL-like peptide/alarin is located in the human chromosome 19q13.43 and shows six exons which in humans are translated into a 116 amino precursor, the pre-pro GAL-like peptide that contains the signal peptide and GAL-like peptide [ 31 ]. Alarin is an alternate transcript of the GAL-like gene [ 32 ]; in humans, the precursor for alarin (49 amino acids) contains the signal peptide, the first five amino acids of the mature GAL-like peptide and nineteen amino acids without homology to other proteins [ 31 ].…”

Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GAL shows a widespread distribution by the mammalian peripheral and central nervous systems, including the feeding–regulating hypothalamus (e.g., PVH, Arc and dorsomedial nuclei). In addition to feeding, GAL and related peptides are involved in cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and neuroendocrine mechanisms, memory, cognition, osmotic/metabolic homeostasis, reproduction, neural growth, arousal, sleep, injury response as well as in depression, anxiety, epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, pain, stroke, cancer, alcohol intake, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease (where upregulation of GAL occurs) and affective behaviour [ 2 , 26 , 31 ]. It has been reported that modifications in pain threshold (antinociceptive and nociceptive) caused by obesity are modulated by GAL [ 33 ].…”

Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, a GAL–GAL receptor signalling network map has been reported that greatly increases the knowledge of the molecules involved in the signalling cascades regulated by the GAL/GAL receptor system [ 35 ]. GAL receptors, with seven transmembrane-domains, are G protein-coupled receptors: GAL 1 receptor is coupled to Gα i and/or Gβγ signalling pathways and mediates the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) [ 31 ] ( Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuropeptidergic Control of Feeding: Focus on the Galanin Family of Peptides

Marcos

Coveñas

2021

IJMS

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Obesity/overweight are important health problems due to metabolic complications. Dysregulation of peptides exerting orexigenic/anorexigenic effects must be investigated in-depth to understand the mechanisms involved in feeding behaviour. One of the most important and studied orexigenic peptides is galanin (GAL). The aim of this review is to update the mechanisms of action and physiological roles played by the GAL family of peptides (GAL, GAL-like peptide, GAL message-associated peptide, alarin) in the control of food intake and to review the involvement of these peptides in metabolic diseases and food intake disorders in experimental animal models and humans. The interaction between GAL and NPY in feeding and energy metabolism, the relationships between GAL and other substances involved in food intake mechanisms, the potential pharmacological strategies to treat food intake disorders and obesity and the possible clinical applications will be mentioned and discussed. Some research lines are suggested to be developed in the future, such as studies focused on GAL receptor/neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor interactions in hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic nuclei and sexual differences regarding the expression of GAL in feeding behaviour. It is also important to study the possible GAL resistance in obese individuals to better understand the molecular mechanisms by which GAL regulates insulin/glucose metabolism. GAL does not exert a pivotal role in weight regulation and food intake, but this role is crucial in fat intake and also exerts an important action by regulating the activity of other key compounds under conditions of stress/altered diet.

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Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Neuropeptidergic Control of Feeding: Focus on the Galanin Family of Peptides

Marcos

Coveñas

2021

IJMS

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Neuroendocrine mechanism of gastric acid secretion: Historical perspectives and recent developments in physiology and pharmacology

Chen

Hagen

Boyce

et al. 2023

J Neuroendocrinology

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The physiology of gastric acid secretion is one of the earliest subjects in medical literature and has been continuously studied since 1833. Starting with the notion that neural stimulation alone drives acid secretion, progress in understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of this process has led to the development of therapeutic strategies for patients with acid‐related diseases. For instance, understanding the physiology of parietal cells led to the developments of histamine 2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and recently, potassium‐competitive acid blockers. Furthermore, understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of gastrin has led to the development of gastrin/CCK2 receptor (CCK2R) antagonists. The need for refinement of existing drugs in patients have led to second and third generation drugs with better efficacy at blocking acid secretion. Further understanding of the mechanism of acid secretion by gene targeting in mice has enabled us to dissect the unique role for each regulator to leverage and justify the development of new targeted therapeutics for acid‐related disorders. Further research on the mechanism of stimulation of gastric acid secretion and the physiological significances of gastric acidity in gut microbiome is needed in the future.

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Physiology of the tongue with emphasis on taste transduction

Doyle

Premathilake

Yao

et al. 2023

Physiological Reviews

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The tongue is a complex multifunctional organ that interacts and senses both interoceptively and exteroceptively. Although it is easily visible to almost all of us it is relatively understudied and what is in the literature as regards taste mechanisms is often contradictory or is not comprehensively reported. The tongue is both a motor and a sensory organ: motor in that it is required for speech and mastication, and sensory in that it receives information to be relayed to the central nervous system pertaining to the safety and quality of the contents of the oral cavity. Additionally, the tongue and its taste apparatus form part of an innate immune surveillance system. For example, loss or alteration in taste perception can be an early indication of infection as became evident during the present global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here we particularly emphasize the latest updates in the mechanisms of taste perception, taste bud formation and adult taste bud renewal, the presence, and effects of hormones on taste perception, review the understudied lingual immune system with specific reference to SARS-CoV-2, discuss nascent work on tongue microbiome, as well as addressing the effect of systemic disease on tongue structure and function, especially in relation to taste.

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Galanin

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Neuropeptidergic Control of Feeding: Focus on the Galanin Family of Peptides

Neuropeptidergic Control of Feeding: Focus on the Galanin Family of Peptides

Neuroendocrine mechanism of gastric acid secretion: Historical perspectives and recent developments in physiology and pharmacology

Physiology of the tongue with emphasis on taste transduction

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