Galanin-like peptide is target for regulation by orexin in the rat hypothalamus

Takenoya, Fumiko; Aihara, Kenji; Funahashi, Hiroomi; Matsumoto, Hirokazu; Ohtaki, Tetsuya; Tsurugano, Shinobu; Yamada, Shuori; Katoh, Sachi; Kageyama, Haruaki; Takeuchi, Masao; Shioda, Seiji

doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00120-4

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…40%) GALP neurons express the NPY Y1 receptor [60] and some (, 25%) GALP-positive neurons express the 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT 2C receptor [60]. Fibers from orexin-positive neurons appear to be in close apposition to GALP cell bodies in the Arc, and a few (, 15%) GALPpositive neurons appear to express the orexin type 1 receptor [63]. These observations indicate that GALPpositive neurons receive input from a variety of neurotransmitter systems in the brain (Figure 2 and Figure 3), notably those that are implicated in the neuroendocrine regulation of metabolism and reproduction [25].…”

Section: Galp Neuronmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GALP is located near several neuropeptides but is thought to colocalize only with a-MSH [38]. GALP neurons do, however, express receptors for neuropeptides such as NPY [38] and orexin [63]. Several peptides colocalize, including CART and POMC, NPY and AgRP, and NPY and galanin (bicolored dots).…”

Section: Hypothalamic Circuitry Linked To Galp-positive Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3 -6]. Abbreviations: AgRP, agouti-related peptide; a-MSH, a-melanocyte stimulating hormone; Arc, arcuate nucleus; CART, cocaine-and amphetamine-regu- [63]. The majority (.85%) of GALP-positive neurons express leptin receptors [25], fewer express receptors for NPY, orexin and 5-HT.…”

Section: Hypothalamic Circuitry Linked To Galp-positive Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Galanin-like peptide as a link in the integration of metabolism and reproduction

Gottsch

Clifton

Steiner

2004

Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism

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The arcuate nucleus is a hypothalamic center that couples energetics and reproduction. Peptide-releasing neurons in the arcuate nucleus receive and process humoral signals from the periphery and relay this information to other nuclei in the hypothalamus and preoptic area. Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is expressed in the arcuate nucleus, and GALP-containing neurons are targets for the action of leptin. GALP-containing neurons are closely apposed to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the preoptic area, and CNS injections of GALP stimulate GnRH-mediated secretion of luteinizing hormone. These observations indicate that GALP is a molecular signal that couples circulating indices of metabolism to the neuroendocrine reproductive system and, thus, regulates reproductive activity as a function of the energy state. In this article, we describe the involvement of GALP in metabolism and reproduction, and in the coupling between these two processes.The brain has a remarkable ability to sense the status of metabolic fuel reserves and defend their adequacy by adjusting appetite and metabolism to maintain an appropriate body weight. Moreover, the brain governs the activity of the reproductive system as a function of these metabolic reserves and enables activation of the hypothalamic -pituitary -gonadal axis only when fuel stores are deemed adequate to support the energetic requirements of reproduction. The arcuate nucleus (Arc) in the hypothalamus is a node for this physiological integration. Recently, a newly identified peptide in the Arc has been shown to modulate both feeding behavior and reproduction, which unveils a new link in the integration of metabolism and reproduction. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of this peptide, known as galanin-like peptide (GALP), in the physiological integration of metabolism and reproduction. The Arc integrates metabolism and reproductionThe Arc comprises the neuronal circuitry required for the neuroendocrine integration of metabolism and reproduction [1]. Two populations of neurons in the Arc play key roles in the regulation of these physiological processes. One population produces neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), whereas the other produces a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) and b-endorphin from a common precursor, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). These two cell groups (NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART) are regulated differentially by metabolic hormones such as leptin and insulin, and act in opposition to control appetite, body weight and metabolic rate [1][2][3][4]. NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART neurons send axonal projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), lateral hypothalamus, and areas in the midbrain and hindbrain to regulate the circuitry that controls complex behaviors, such as feeding, and adjust the metabolic rate to maintain body weight homeostasis [3,[5][6][7]. Disruption of these networks leads to the dysregulation of body weight and disturbances in metabolism [8]. The Arc is also a...

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Section: Galp Neuronmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypothalamic Circuitry Linked To Galp-positive Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Galanin-like peptide as a link in the integration of metabolism and reproduction

Gottsch

Clifton

Steiner

2004

Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism

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“…9,35 GALP-containing neurons in the ARC are reported to be different from the leptin receptor-expressing neurons that express neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein and galanin. 32,[36][37][38] GALP has been shown to be coexpressed with a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which is derived from pro-opiomelanocortin in neurons in the ARC, 36 with orexin-1 receptor immunoreactivity also being observed in a few GALP-positive neurons. 38 We have previously reported that 3-12% of GALP-positive cells contain a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity.…”

Section: Distribution and Localization Of Galp-containing Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32,[36][37][38] GALP has been shown to be coexpressed with a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which is derived from pro-opiomelanocortin in neurons in the ARC, 36 with orexin-1 receptor immunoreactivity also being observed in a few GALP-positive neurons. 38 We have previously reported that 3-12% of GALP-positive cells contain a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity. 36 In spite of these findings, there are no other neuropeptides or transmitters that are colocalized with GALP in the ARC, suggesting that it is a unique peptide.…”

Section: Distribution and Localization Of Galp-containing Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of feeding and energy metabolism?

et al. 2010

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The hypothalamus has a critical role in the regulation of feeding behavior, energy metabolism and reproduction. Galanin-like peptide (GALP), a novel 60 amino-acid peptide with a nonamidated C-terminus, was first discovered in porcine hypothalamus. GALP is mainly produced in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and is involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and energy metabolism, with GALP-containing neurons forming networks with several feeding-regulating peptide-containing neurons. The effects of GALP on food intake and body weight are complex. In rats, the central effect of GALP is to first stimulate and then reduce food intake, whereas in mice, GALP has an anorectic function. Furthermore, GALP regulates plasma luteinizing hormone levels through activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-producing neurons, suggesting that it is also involved in the reproductive system. This review summarizes the research on these topics and discusses current evidence regarding the function of GALP, particularly in relation to feeding and energy metabolism. We also discuss the effects of GALP activity on food intake, body weight and locomotor activity after intranasal infusion, a clinically viable mode of delivery.

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