Galactooligosaccharides and Resistant Starch Altered Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in an in vitro Fermentation Study Using Gut Contents of Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain)

Abstract

Dietary carbohydrates are anaerobically fermented by gut microbiota to shortchain fatty acids (SCFAs), conferring gut health benefits. Of all tested prebiotics, galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and resistant starch (RS) stimulated the SCFA production in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain), a crustacean model, to a greater extent than the other carbohydrates tested. Using in vitro anaerobic fermentation cultures, this study further explored the prebiotic potential of GOS and RS in mud crab by assessing their impacts on gut microbiota changes and SCFA production. Both GOS and RS significantly promoted SCFA production. Bacterial diversity in the GOS group was lower than in the RS or control group. GOS promoted the growth of Bacteroidetes, while RS promoted Tenericutes. A strong positive correlation was found between SCFA production and bacterial abundance; most bacteria per se correlated with each other. The findings demonstrated the prebiotic potential of GOS and RS in mud crab.

Supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides in early life persistently facilitates the microbial colonization of the rumen and promotes growth of preweaning Holstein dairy calves

“…Specifically, oligosaccharides may be utilized by rumen bacteria to produce SCFA ( Cotta, 1993 ). Consistent with the present findings, in vitro fermentation studies have shown that GOS stimulate SCFA production, including that of acetic acid and propionic acid ( Tran et al., 2020 ).…”

“…The rumen acetate and propionate concentrations were higher in calves in the GOSC and GOSS groups than in the CON group. Previous studies have also shown that prebiotics, such as oligosaccharides, are capable of increasing rumen short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations by promoting microbial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract ( Yu et al, 2019 ; Tran et al., 2020 ). Specifically, oligosaccharides may be utilized by rumen bacteria to produce SCFA ( Cotta, 1993 ).…”

“…Another previous study showed that supplementation with GOS can increase the alpha diversity of the colonic microbiota of suckling piglets, indicated by a high Chao1 index ( Wang et al., 2019 ), which is consistent with the present finding of higher Chao1 index in the GOSC and GOSS groups than in the CON group. The Shannon index is increased and the Simpson index is decreased by GOS ( Wang et al., 2019 ; Tran et al., 2020 ). In the present study, GOS supplementation had persistent effects that increased the Shannon index and reduced the Simpson index, which implies that feeding GOS until weaning increases the number of rumen bacterial species, and that temporary supplementation with GOS has a persistent effect to increase the diversity of the rumen microbiota.…”

Modulation of Gut Microbiota for the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19

“…GOS also decreased the inflammatory markers IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The anti-inflammatory effect may be related to butyrate production as an in vitro study showed GOS increased butyrate production [47]. In a rotavirus infection suckling rat model, FOS and GOS reduced infectivity of the virus and symptoms in rats [48].…”

Prebiotics as a Tool for the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes: Classification and Ability to Modulate the Gut Microbiota

“…It was also concluded that 90% of GOS resist digestion in the upper GIT and then enter the colon, which then get intact to the tract and act as fermentation substrates for the resident microbiota [ 162 ] ( Table 3 ). An in-vitro study showed that the fermentation of GOS by GM generates SCFAs and organic acids that decrease luminal pH, thereby enhancing the bioavailability of nutritionally important minerals [ 163 ]. Interestingly, GOS administration showed anxiolytic effects in both animals [ 164 ] and humans [ 165 ] ( Table 3 ).…”