Galactography: An application of the galactogram imaging classification system (GICS)

Abstract

The present study shows a good correlation between GICS categories and histological diagnosis.

Diagnostic accuracy of abnormal galactographic and sonographic findings in the diagnosis of intraductal pathology in patients with abnormal nipple discharge

“…Similar to other studies, the current study shows a high specificity to predict intraductal processes but no predictive value to differentiate between malignant or benign breast tumors with galactography [4,6]. Other studies suggest galactography as useful method to differentiate between malignant and benign underlying breast malignancies [7,8]. The consensus of all studies is that galactography is helpful to localize ductal abnormalities, but the reported sensitivity and specificity of galactography are within a wide range [9].…”

“…There are contradicting results of the potential of galactography to diagnose benign or malignant disease of the breast in patients with abnormal nipple discharge [4,[6][7][8]. The consensus of all studies is that galactography is helpful to localize ductal abnormalities, but the reported sensitivity and specificity of galactography are within a wide range [9].…”

Role of Galactography in the Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

“…Several studies [8,18,19,20] report galactographic findings suggestive of malignancy, such as ductal stenosis, multiple irregular filling defects, ductal wall irregularity, and ductal distortion. In our study, we observed a very good correlation between GICS category 5 and carcinoma, and the galactographic findings included microdefects with a moth-eaten appearance and ductal wall irregularities (fig.…”

“…However, GL is still the subject of debate because establishing a differential diagnosis between benign and malignant lesions is considered difficult. The GICS classification system was reported recently [20], and GL has been described as a useful procedure for differentiating benign from malignant lesions. Furthermore, a recent study [22] reports that direct magnetic resonance imaging galactography may provide more diagnostic information than conventional GL in patients with PND, because it can show both ductal morphology and the extent of disease before surgery.…”

“…However, other studies describe galactographic findings suggestive of malignant lesions [8,18,19]. A classification system for findings observed in galactograms was reported recently: the Galactogram Image Classification System (GICS) which shows a good correlation between GICS categories and histological diagnosis [20]. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of GL in the early diagnosis of breast cancer in patients with PND.…”