Galactans: an overview of their most important sourcing and applications as natural polysaccharides

Delattre, Cédric; Fenoradosoa, Taratra Andrée; Michaud, Philippe

doi:10.1590/s1516-89132011000600002

Cited by 148 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…First, the preferred nutritional values of red algae as prey for Ostreopsis could be attributed to the difference in cell covering between red algae and other macroalgae. While green and brown macroalgae have hard cell wall composed of cellulose, red algal cell wall is relatively flexible and is composed of extracellular matrix, which typically consists of microfibrillar and sulfated galactans (Craigie, 1990;Delattre et al, 2011). The sulfated galactans include agars and carrageenans (Domozych, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Analyses of the rbcL and psaA Genes From Single Cells Demonstrate a Rhodophyte Origin of the Prey in the Toxic Benthic Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis

Lee

Park

2018

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Phagotrophy of the harmful benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis has long been inferred based on observations of food particles present inside cells, but the prey has not yet been identified. This study aimed to investigate the seasonal dynamics of benthic dinoflagellates Ostreopsis spp. in temperate Korean coastal sites, with special emphasis on their phagotrophy. Further, prey species were identified by extracting the ingested food particles from single Ostreopsis cells and determining their rbcL and psaA gene sequences. High concentration of Ostreopsis cells was observed between June and October at all sites, when the water temperatures were higher than 19 • C, exhibiting a marked temporal seasonality. The percentage of Ostreopsis cells containing ingested food particles exhibited large spatial and temporal variations among sampling sites, ranging from undetectable level to 29.5%, and was not always associated with Ostreopsis cell abundance. Phylogenetic analyses performed using both plastid-encoded rbcL and psaA genes revealed that all sequences obtained from the ingested food particles of Ostreopsis cells grouped within the class Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta. Our result clearly demonstrates that Ostreopsis species consume various macroalgae from Rhodophyta, but not protists, which have long been thought to be the potential prey. The results of this study provide a basis for better understanding the mixotrophic behavior and nutritional ecology of the harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Analyses of the rbcL and psaA Genes From Single Cells Demonstrate a Rhodophyte Origin of the Prey in the Toxic Benthic Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis

Lee

Park

2018

Front. Mar. Sci.

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“…In contrast, neoagarobiose consists of α-(1→3)-linked l-AnGal and d-Gal residues. Agarobiose and neoagarobiose units are linked by α-(1→3) and β-(1→4), respectively ( Table 2) (Renn, 1997;Fu and Kim, 2010;Delattre et al, 2011).…”

Section: Algal Sugarmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol

2016

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The production of fuels from biomass is categorized as first-, second-, or thirdgeneration depending upon the source of raw materials, either food crops, lignocellulosic material, or algal biomass, respectively. Thus far, the emphasis has been on using food crops creating several environmental problems. To overcome these problems, there is a shift toward bioenergy production from non-food sources. Algae, which store high amounts of carbohydrates, are a potential producer of raw materials for sustainable production of bioethanol. Algae store their carbohydrates in the form of food storage sugars and structural material. In general, algal food storage polysaccharides are composed of glucose subunits; however, they vary in the glycosidic bond that links the glucose molecules. In starch-type polysaccharides (starch, floridean starch, and glycogen), the glucose subunits are linked together by α-(1→4) and α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds. Laminarin-type polysaccharides (laminarin, chrysolaminarin, and paramylon) are made of glucose subunits that are linked together by β-(1→3) and β-(1→6) glycosidic bonds. In contrast to food storage polysaccharides, structural polysaccharides vary in composition and glycosidic bond. The industrial production of bioethanol from algae requires efficient hydrolysis and fermentation of different algal sugars. However, the hydrolysis of algal polysaccharides employs more enzymatic mixes in comparison to terrestrial plants. Similarly, algal fermentable sugars display more diversity than plants, and therefore more metabolic pathways are required to produce ethanol from these sugars. In general, the fermentation of glucose, galactose, and glucose isomers is carried out by wild-type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. In these strains, glucose enters glycolysis, where is it converted to pyruvate through either Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway or Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Other monosaccharides must be converted to fermentable sugars before entering glycolysis. In contrast, microbial wild-type strains are not capable of producing ethanol from alginate, and therefore the production of bioethanol from alginate was achieved by using genetically engineered microbial strains, which can simultaneously hydrolyze and ferment alginate to ethanol. In this review, we emphasize the enzymatic hydrolysis processes of different algal polysaccharides. Additionally, we highlight the major metabolic pathways that are employed to ferment different algal monosaccharides to ethanol.

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“…Agaropectin comprehends a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules with the same backbone as agarose but displaying an ionic nature, with acidic groups (viz. sulfate, pyruvate) as intrinsic components (Delattre et al, 2011). Agarose can be hydrolyzed to oligosaccharides, which are www.frontiersin.org…”

Section: Agarasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine enzymes and food industry: insight on existing and potential interactions

Fernandes

2014

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Evidence that support the marine environment as source of useful biocatalysts for application in several areas of industry pile up, both as scientific reports or patent applications. Marine microorganisms have to endure habitats characterized by extreme conditions of salinity, temperature or pressure. Their enzymes present concomitant features, viz. thermostability or halostability, which are appealing for practical applications. The food sector is a field where enzymes are used, given their specificity, compliance with strict regulations, relatively mild operational conditions required and environmental friendly nature. The specific features presented by marine enzymes can be advantageously used both for process improvement or to develop new processes and products. In the present review the role of relevant types of enzymes for the food sector is described and recent findings on those enzymes from marine are put into context. The information provided is illustrative that in spite of the relative novelty concerning the use of marine enzymes within the scope of the food sector, some processes have reached commercial status and promising results are being obtained with several others. Moreover, there is still a vast field of resources for enzyme activity to be explored, namely since the screening process that has been considerably improved with the contribution of metagenomic libraries. It can thus be considered that future and exciting developments can be expected concerning the use of marine enzymes in the food and feed areas.

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Galactans: an overview of their most important sourcing and applications as natural polysaccharides

Cited by 148 publications

References 116 publications

Genetic Analyses of the rbcL and psaA Genes From Single Cells Demonstrate a Rhodophyte Origin of the Prey in the Toxic Benthic Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis

Genetic Analyses of the rbcL and psaA Genes From Single Cells Demonstrate a Rhodophyte Origin of the Prey in the Toxic Benthic Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis

The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol

Marine enzymes and food industry: insight on existing and potential interactions

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