Gadolinium as a contrast agent for NMR

Caillé, J. M.; Lemanceau, Bernard; Bonnemain, Bruno

doi:10.1016/0730-725x(84)90080-8

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Thus, the presence of faintly basophilic deposits in the capillaries of the lungs and other organs along with enlarged, mineral-containing Kupffer cells of the liver and splenic macrophages were expected findings. The organ distribution was also consistent with that shown by chemical analysis of individual organs from rats given a single intravenous dose of GdC'3 (3,5,8). Intravenous injection of GdCl, also induces hypotension (13), which possibly explains the prostration in 3 rats immediately postdose with the death of 1 rat.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 68%

Gadolinium Chloride Toxicity in the Rat

et al. 1997

Toxicol Pathol

127

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Groups of 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single intravenous injection of gadolinium chloride solution at dosages of 0 (saline vehicle), 0.07, 0.14, and 0.35 mmol/kg. Apart from 1 top-dose female, which died during dosing, 5 rats/sex/ group were necropsied 48 hr postdose, and the remaining 5 rats/sex/group were necropsied 14 days postdose. Macroscopic, hematological, and clinical chemistry analyses were undertaken on all animals that were necropsied. Histopathological examination was undertaken on all organs from high-dose and control animals necropsied 48 hr postdose and on tissues that showed treatment-related changes from all other rats necropsied either 48 hr or 14 days postdose. Major lesions related to gadolinium chloride administration consisted of mineral deposition in capillary beds (particularly lung and kidney), phagocytosis of mineral by the mononuclear phagocytic system, hepatocellular and splenic necrosis followed by dystrophic mineralization, mineralization of the fundic glandular mucosa in the absence of necrosis followed by mucous cell hyperplasia, decreased platelet numbers and increased prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time. Electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis of the spleen and liver revealed electron-dense deposits in splenic macrophages, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes composed of gadolinium, calcium, and phosphate.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 68%

Gadolinium Chloride Toxicity in the Rat

et al. 1997

Toxicol Pathol

127

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“…A metal classified as a rare earth, gadolinium is employed in electrophysiology as a calcium channel blocker [19]. In its free form it is toxic (lethal dose for 50 % of the population (LD50) for GdCl 3 in mice 100 -200 mg/kg [20]). In its uncombined form, gadolinium can cause neurological and cardiovascular symptoms [21].…”

Section: Free Gadoliniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Extracellular Gadolinium-based MRI Contrast Agents and the Risk of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

Heverhagen

Krombach

Gizewski

2014

Fortschr Röntgenstr

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!Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a serious, sometimes fatal disease. Findings in recent years have shown that a causal association between gadolinium containing contrast media and NSF is most likely. Therefore, the regulatory authorities have issued guidelines on the use of gadolinium-containing contrast media which have reduced the number of new cases of NSF to almost zero. However, it is for precisely this reason that the greatest care must still be taken to ensure that these guidelines are complied with. The most important factors are renal function, the quantity of gadolinium administered and coexisting diseases such as inflammation. All of these factors crucially influence the quantity of gadolinium released from the chelat in the body. This free gadolinium is thought to be the trigger for NSF. Other important factors are the stability of the gadolinium complex and furthermore the route of its elimination from the body. Partial elimination via the liver might be an additional protective mechanism. In conclusion, despite the NSF risk, contrast-enhanced MRI is a safe diagnostic procedure which can be used reliably and safely even in patients with severe renal failure, and does not necessarily have to be replaced by other methods.

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“…These substances decrease T1 and T2 with a subsequent increase in signal intensity on MR imaging. Promising studies and initial results were reported on gadolinium, a rare-earth element with the highest paramagnetic moment (10.8 Bohr magnetons) [8,29].…”

Section: Contrast Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Method and early clinical experiences in diseases of the central nervous system

Huk

Gademann

1984

Neurosurg. Rev.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has undergone a rapid development which is still continuing. In this article a survey is given of the present status of this new diagnostic tool in the evaluation of diseases of the central nervous system. When atoms with uneven numbers of protons or neutrons in a homogeneous magnetic field are tilted against the main vector of this field by a radiofrequency pulse, nuclear magnetic resonance can be observed. During the relaxation of the little dipoles back to the direction of the underlying magnetic field, a resonance signal is generated. The superposition of variable field gradients enables the scanning of sectional images in the axial, frontal and sagittal plane. The variables of H+-magnetic resonance which can be utilized for imaging are: the proton density, the relaxation times T1 (spin-lattice) and T2 (spin-spin) and flow effects. While the proton density in organic tissue fluctuates only by some 10%, the relaxation times may vary by several hundred per cent. Tissue contrast, therefore, is mainly based on relaxation times differences. The image character can also be influenced by variations of imaging parameters (i.e. repetition rate, interpulse delay, read out or echo delay) in different imaging sequences, such as the spin-echo and the inversion recovery technique. Depending on these imaging parameters T1 and T2 will contribute to the signal to a varying degree. This fact is most important for the diagnostic information of MRI. In initial clinical experiences in the diagnosis of diseases of the central nervous system, MRI has demonstrated high sensitivity in the detection of lesions (such as oedema, neoplasms, demyelinating disease), but less significance in lesion discrimination. In spinal disease the direct sagittal imaging of MRI enables MRI-myelography without contrast medium, superior to conventional myelography in many cases. For detailed evaluation of disc disease, however, the spatial resolution still has to be improved. Promising results have been obtained from flow effects. Depending on the flow velocity of blood, vessels appear white with intensive signals (slow flow) or black due to low signal intensities (rapid flow). MRI-angiography including measurement of blood flow seems possible. MRI-contrast media are not yet available for routine clinical use. Promising results have been reported on the basis of rare-earth elements, such as gadolinium Gd3+. These substances decrease T1 and T2 with subsequent increase in signal intensity. Concerning harmful side-effects of MRI, three possible sources have to be considered: the static magnetic field, the changing magnetic field, and radiofrequency heating.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Gadolinium as a contrast agent for NMR

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Gadolinium Chloride Toxicity in the Rat

Gadolinium Chloride Toxicity in the Rat

Application of Extracellular Gadolinium-based MRI Contrast Agents and the Risk of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Method and early clinical experiences in diseases of the central nervous system

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