G119S <i>ace‐1</i> mutation conferring insecticide resistance detected in the <scp><i>Culex pipiens</i></scp> complex in Morocco

Bkhache, Meriem; Tmimi, Fatim‐Zohra; Charafeddine, O.; Filali, Oumama Benabdelkrim; Lemrani, Meryem; Labbé, Pierrick; Sarih, M’hammed

doi:10.1002/ps.5114

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…By contrast, the G119S substitution is found worldwide, close to fixation in some populations and has been selected independently in many pest species 25,39,50 . While the G119S mutation had already been described in Morroco, 35,51 this is the first report for F290V in this country. We found both mutations in all regions, generally at relatively low frequencies, from <0.01 in Agadir to 0.19 in Larache for F290V, and from 0.08 in Mohammedia to 0.24 in Larache for G119S (Table 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Morroco, 35,51 this is the first report for F290V in this country. We found both mutations in all regions, generally at relatively low frequencies, from <0.01 in Agadir to 0.19 in Larache for F290V, and from 0.08 in Mohammedia to 0.24 in Larache for G119S (Table 2).…”

Section: Common Target-site But Also Metabolic Resistance Mutations Are Present In Morocco But Their Frequencies Varymentioning

confidence: 76%

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Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco

Arich

Assaid

Hassan

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are the vectors of several arboviruses and are thus subjected to insecticide control worldwide. However, overuse of insecticides selects for resistance. While assessing the resistance status of the vectors is required for effective and sustainable disease control, resistance has so far only been sparsely studied in Morocco. In this study, we establish a first countrywide assessment of the levels of resistance to various insecticides and the potential responsible mechanisms involved. Cx. pipiens larvae were collected from natural populations of five regions of Morocco, and their taxonomic status was determined (molecular forms). The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed by single‐diagnostic‐dose bioassays. Molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target‐site mutations. RESULTS This study confirms that Moroccan populations are an interbreeding mix of pipiens and molestus forms, with large gene flow for the resistance alleles. We also found that Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco: resistance is high for insecticides used in mosquito control, but also present for other pesticides. Resistance alleles are similarly more frequent for mosquito control insecticides. However, their distribution is heterogeneous in the five regions, with significant genetic differentiation between populations, revealing the crucial role of local insecticide treatment practices. CONCLUSION This study provides reference countrywide data that highlight the need for further research to refine the distribution of resistance in Morocco and to understand the role of agriculture/urban residuals in its spread. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Common Target-site But Also Metabolic Resistance Mutations Are Present In Morocco But Their Frequencies Varymentioning

confidence: 76%

Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco

Arich

Assaid

Hassan

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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“…This mutation, a point mutation, is as a result of gene duplication providing a higher chance of survival to individuals with extra copies of the resistant Ace-1 G119S alleles [71] preventing the blockage of synaptic neurotransmission by inhibiting AChE enzyme which is encoded by the Ace-1 gene. This mutation has been observed in several insects [71][72][73][74][75]. The presence of this mutation in low frequencies in the non-irrigated area is a matter that needs to be investigated further.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Insecticide Resistance Status of Anopheles Arabiensis in Irrigated and Non-irrigated Areas in Western Kenya

Orondo

Nyanjom

Atieli

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Malaria control in Kenya is based on case management and vector control using long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Irrigation practices maintain vector population and thus transmission during dry season. Development of insecticide resistance further compromises the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control programs. The aim of this study was to assess the status and mechanism of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in irrigated and non-irrigated areas in western Kenya and the contribution of public health interventions and agriculture to insecticide resistance. Methodology: The study was carried out in 2018–2019 in Homa Bay County, western Kenya. Anopheline larvae were collected in irrigated and non-irrigated fields, reared to F1 adults and 2-5 day-old female vector mosquitoes were subjected to standard WHO insecticide susceptibility tests. The test specimens were then screened for knock-down resistance, kdr alleles, and analyzed for presence of acetyl-cholinesterase inhibiting enzyme; angiotensin-converting enzyme (Ace-1) genes. All field-collected samples were preserved for species identification by polymerase chain reaction. To ascertain the probable cause of vector resistance to insecticides, a questionnaire was administered to farmers, households and veterinary officers in the study area to assess the use of public health and agricultural insecticides/pesticides.Results: Anopheles arabiensis was the only species tested in irrigated (100%, n=154) area and predominant species in the non-irrigated areas (97.5%, n= 162) and the rest were An. gambiae sensu stricto. In 2018, susceptibility was observed in the vector species in the irrigated area and phenotypic resistance in the non-irrigated area while in 2019, phenotypic resistance was observed from all areas However, susceptibility to malathion (mortality 100%), DDT (98.98%-100%) and PBO- deltamethrin (100%) was observed. Molecular analysis of the vectors from the irrigated and non-irrigated areas revealed low levels of leucine- serine/ phenylalanine substitution at position 1014 (L1014S/ L1014F) with a mutation frequencies of 1%-16%, and almost zero mutation in Ace-1R gene (0.7%). In addition to very high coverage of LLINs impregnated with pyrethroids and IRS with organophosphate insecticides, pyrethroids were the predominant chemical class in pesticides used for crop and animal protection.Conclusion: Extensive use of pyrethroids in agriculture and public health could have resulted in the initial development of insecticide resistance. The susceptibility of these malaria vectors to organophosphates and PBO synergist in pyrethroids offers a promising future for IRS and ITN based vector control interventions.

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“…Two populations, one from Turkey (Birecik) and one from Iran (Ahar County) showed possible resistance [ 34 , 39 ]. Seventeen other populations from Egypt, Turkey, Morocco and Iran indicate resistance towards malathion [ 30 , 32 , 33 , 37 , 45 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insecticide resistance in Cx. pipiens has also been detected with WHO susceptibility tests in Italy, Spain, Greece, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey and Iran [ 29 – 45 ]. In Spain, the WHO susceptibility test (in compliance with the CDC bottle test) revealed the insecticide resistance of Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic insecticide resistance status of the Culex pipiens complex: a European perspective

et al. 2022

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Background The common house mosquito Culex pipiens is known to be a major vector for West Nile virus. In order to decrease risks of West Nile virus outbreaks in Europe, insecticides and the bio-larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) are commonly used for vector control. Alarmingly, insecticide resistance has been reported in Cx. pipiens populations from Southern Europe and several countries neighbouring Europe. For Central and Northern Europe, however, the phenotypic insecticide resistance status of Cx. pipiens has not yet been investigated. Methods A literature review was performed to assess the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in Cx. pipiens. To fill the gap of knowledge for Central and Northern Europe, WHO susceptibility tests with permethrin, deltamethrin, malathion, bendiocarb and DDT and a larval toxicity test with Bti were performed with a Cx. pipiens population from Belgium, a country in Central Europe. Results This research provides the first evidence of widespread phenotypic insecticide resistance in Cx. pipiens. In general, Cx. pipiens developed resistance against multiple insecticides in several countries. Another Cx. pipiens population from Belgium was tested and showed insecticide resistance against deltamethrin, permethrin, DDT and possibly against bendiocarb. The bio-larvicide Bti caused lower mortality than reported for other Cx. pipiens populations in the literature. Conclusions These results indicate the urgent need for insecticide resistance monitoring against commonly used adulticides and larvicides in Europe, for the translation of knowledge gained regarding the limited efficiency and availability of insecticide into EU legislation and the need for innovative non-chemical vector control tools in order to counter the widespread insecticide resistance in Culex populations. Graphical abstract

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G119S ace‐1 mutation conferring insecticide resistance detected in the Culex pipiens complex in Morocco

Abstract: These findings provide a reference assessment of OP resistance in Morocco and should help the health authorities to develop informed and sustainable vector control programs. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cited by 12 publications

References 43 publications

Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco

Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco

Insecticide Resistance Status of Anopheles Arabiensis in Irrigated and Non-irrigated Areas in Western Kenya

Phenotypic insecticide resistance status of the Culex pipiens complex: a European perspective

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