G-Quadruplexes in Human Telomere: Structures, Properties, and Applications

Abstract

G-quadruplexes, intricate four-stranded structures composed of G-tetrads formed by four guanine bases, are prevalent in both DNA and RNA. Notably, these structures play pivotal roles in human telomeres, contributing to essential cellular functions. Additionally, the existence of DNA:RNA hybrid G-quadruplexes adds a layer of complexity to their structural diversity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in unraveling the intricacies of DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes within human telomeres. Detailed insights into their structural features are presented, encompassing the latest developments in chemical approaches designed to probe these G-quadruplex structures. Furthermore, this review explores the applications of G-quadruplex structures in targeting human telomeres. Finally, the manuscript outlines the imminent challenges in this evolving field, setting the stage for future investigations.

K+-Specification with Flavone P0 Probe in a G-Quadruplex DNA

“…The formation of HT21G-G4 and HT21C-i-motif was confirmed by CD spectra and 1 H NMR. As shown in Figure S1A, CD features of 260/290 nm (positive) and 235 nm (negative) indicate that HT21G mainly fold into a hybrid G-quadruplex structure . For HT21C, CD spectrum with a positive band at 287 nm and a negative one at 255 nm is characteristic of the i-motif DNA structure …”

“…As shown in Figure S1A, CD features of 260/290 nm (positive) and 235 nm (negative) indicate that HT21G mainly fold into a hybrid G-quadruplex structure. 42 For HT21C, CD spectrum with a positive band at 287 nm and a negative one at 255 nm is characteristic of the i-motif DNA structure. 43 1 H NMR spectra in the imino proton region further confirmed the formation of S1B).…”