Fuzzy State Machine Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric UAVs with PV/Fuel Cell/Battery Power System

Abstract

Energy management strategies are the key technology for hybrid electric UAVs. This paper proposes a fuzzy state machine (FSM) energy management strategy with an online potential to control the power flow for the hybrid electric UAV which includes the photovoltaic, fuel cell, and battery power sources. The FSM strategy couples the fuzzy logical strategy with a state machine strategy where the fuzzy logical strategy controls the power split between a fuel cell and a battery and the state machine deals with the power flow of photovoltaics and battery. To evaluate the FSM strategy, a simulation platform integrating the hybrid power system model and UAV model is developed with a Matlab/Simulink tool. An existed online thermostat control strategy for the same type of UAV is employed to compare with the proposed strategy based on the developed platform. The energy management process and the state of each power source are analyzed under a given mission scenario. The comparison of the two strategies about the power and energy contribution rates of each power source, the battery state of charge, and the hydrogen consumption is presented. The results indicate that the FSM strategy can satisfy the demand power effectively during the mission and performs better than the thermostat control strategy on power distribution and fuel consumption.

Prospects of Integrated Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell Systems in a Hydrogen Economy: A Comprehensive Review

“…Majidi et al [75]; Zhang et al [76]; Ghenai et al [77]; Sharma et al [78]; Lee et al [79]; Srisiriwat et al [80]; Castañeda et al [81];…”

“…where z = × × Zhang et al [76] used a Fuzzy State Machine to propose an optimal energy management of a unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Receding horizon optimisation has been used to predict future generation from renewable sources, the future load and state of the charge of the battery bank in order to reduce the loss of power supply probability [103].…”

“…Agriculture, Hybrid Electric Vehicle, seawater electrolysis, buildings, cruise Ganguly et al [33]; Zhang et al [76];…”

Implementing Solar-Powered HAPS for Rural broadband Connectivity: Concepts, Challenges & Mitigation

“…The framework did not consider energy management algorithms but highlighted integrating essential technologies like light, high efficiency solar conversion and storage devices, ultra-light-weight airframe materials as critical for solar aircraft. However, Zhang et al [10], considered the use of fuzzy state machine (FSM) as an energy management strategy to control power flow. In this design a hybrid electric aerial vehicle using photovoltaic, fuel cell and battery was considered and does not fit the operational framework of the strictly solar aircraft under consideration.…”

Using Dfferential Evolution Techniques for Management of a Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System

“…Energy management strategies (EMS) can be classified in optimization and rule-based (Zhang et al, 2018). Optimization-based strategies include dynamic program-ESPOL, FAPEMIG and EMBRAER financed the present work.…”