“…One is developed from the viewpoint of traffic engineering and the other is based on statistical physics. From the perspective of traffic engineers (Brackstone and McDonald, 1999), car-following models can be classified as stimulus-response models (Gazis et al, 1961;Newell, 1961), safety distance models (Gipps, 1981), psychophysical models (Wiedemann, 1974), and artificial intelligence models (Kikuchi and Chakroborty, 1992;Wu et al, 2000).…”