Fuzzy logic and Lyapunov‐based non‐linear controllers for HCV infection

Abstract

Hepatitis C is the liver disease caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) which can lead to serious health problems such as liver cancer. In this research work, the non‐linear model of HCV having three state variables (uninfected hepatocytes, infected hepatocytes and virions) and two control inputs has been taken into account, and four non‐linear controllers namely non‐linear PID controller, Lyapunov Redesign controller, Synergetic controller and Fuzzy Logic‐Based controller have been proposed to control HCV infection inside the human body. The controllers have been designed for the anti‐viral therapy in order to control the amount of uninfected hepatocytes to the desired safe limit and to track the amount of infected hepatocytes and virions to their reference value which is zero. One control input is the Pegylated interferon (peg‐IFN‐α) which acts in reducing the infected hepatocytes and the other input is ribavirin which blocks the production of virions. By doing so, the uninfected hepatocytes increase and achieve the required safe limit. Lyapunov stability analysis has been used to prove the stability of the whole system. The comparative analysis of the proposed nonlinear controllers using MATLAB/Simulink have been done with each other and with linear PID. These results depict that the infected hepatocytes and virions are reduced to the desired level, enhancing the rate of sustained virologic response (SVR) and reducing the treatment period as compared with previous strategies introduced in the literature.

Unique Approach of Movie Rating Prediction Using Support Vector Machine Algorithm and K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm

“…The mean difference = 24.590 and the confidence interval is from -30.639 to -18.541. Subsequently, one can utilize it in a wide range of circumstances because unlabeled information can regularly be more accessible [14]. A large number were proposed for various use cases dependent on this execution; for instance, there are affiliation learning calculations that consider the requesting of things, their number, and related timestamps [15].Due to limitations such as relatively small size dataset, threshold, precision and recall reduce accuracy of movie rating [16].…”

Lyapunov-Redesign and Sliding Mode Controller for Microprocessor Based Transfemoral Prosthesis

“…Lyapunov-redesign Control is based on the energy function, and the stability of a given non-linear system is determined by the time rate of change of the energy function. According to the Lyapunov stability criterion, if the rate of change of the energy function is zero or negative definite, the system is converging and stable [25].…”

Observer‐based controller for treatment of hepatitis C infection using fractional order model

“…In these works, objective functions have been considered to minimize viral load, infected cells, and drug side effects. In other works, [41][42][43] appropriate Lyapunov functions have been utilized to design stable control strategies for the disease to reduce the viral load or infected cells to their desired value. In all of the mentioned works, IO models have been utilized to design the treatment method.…”

“…Due to the dangers of the disease progress towards liver cancer and death, many researches have been carried out to propose effective treatment strategies for HCV infection by using different control strategies 36–43 . In previous works, 36–40 offline optimal control has been utilized to design effective methods for the HCV treatment.…”

“…Due to the dangers of the disease progress towards liver cancer and death, many researches have been carried out to propose effective treatment strategies for HCV infection by using different control strategies. [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] In previous works, [36][37][38][39][40] offline optimal control has been utilized to design effective methods for the HCV treatment. In these works, objective functions have been considered to minimize viral load, infected cells, and drug side effects.…”