Fuzzy Geocasting in Opportunistic Networks

Energy-Efficient Check-and-Spray Geocast Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks

“…In [11], Dhurandher et al proposed a geocasting routing protocol for OppNets (called F-GSAF), which uses fuzzy attributes such as direction and speed, remaining energy, and buffer space of nodes, to determine the relay nodes to carry the message toward its destination. In this scheme, the Mamdani fuzzy controller is considered and the routing of a message from the source to a destination cast follows two steps.…”

“…Unlike the above discussed work [5][6][7][8][9][10][11], our proposed EECSG protocol involves: (1) predicting the node's movement through acquiring the location information on-the-go, (2) Identifying the destination cast and determining whether the current node's position is located within it, (3) computing a forwarding utility metric that quantifies the routing contribution that can be made by the nodes that are encountered outside the destination cast, and (4) selecting a relay, based on this forwarding utility metric.…”

“…In the most recent literature [4], solutions for routing the message towards the destination cast have been proposed. However, in the context of opportunistic networks (OppNets), to the best of our knowledge, only a few routing protocols that support the geocasting mechanism have been investigated [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. For any geocasting protocol, it is expected that the message be delivered in the destination area first, then efficiently disseminated within the destination cast.…”

“…Whenever a node receives a message, it will match it with its own location with the message's endpoint identifier before forwarding it to any other node. The design of our proposed EECSG protocol fundamentally differs from the previous work [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] as follows: (1) The location information on any node is acquired on-the-go using location sampling and a location maintenance strategies; (2) Message endpoint identification and cast definition are used for membership check, and an energy-efficient controlled flooding mechanism (so-called Check-and-Spray) is utilized to distribute the geo messages to all nodes within the geocast region; (3) A forwarding utility metric is computed to quantify the routing contribution that can be made by the nodes encountered outside the destination cast, and based on this, a relay node is selected to carry the message forward towards its destination.…”